whichway實驗裝置

1. 紅警2尤里復仇的語音

特殊人物篇
Freed Slave 獲釋的奴隸
選擇:
- What can I do? 我能做點什麼
- Will work for food! 去為傻瓜工作吧
- Liberty is sweet 自由真甜美
- How can I help? 我能幫忙么
移動:
- Sure! 好啊
- Ohh-de-doo-de-doo
- Do I still need this shovel? 我還要這把鐵鍬么
- Hm Okay! 嗯 好的
攻擊:
- Payback time! 償還的時間到了
- Got my shovel right here! 來吃我一鐵鍬吧
- They pushed me too far! 他們逼迫我太深了
- Charge! (我要)賒帳
- Swing away (用鍬)揮掉
驚恐:
- Ouch! 哎喲
- Hey, quit it! 嘿 停下
- That's not fair! 真不公平啊
- You bully! 你這欺凌弱小者

Professor Einstein 愛因斯坦教授
選擇:
- Here I am 我在這兒
- I have this theory 我懂這項理論
- Don't rush me, I am thinking 不要催我 我在思考
- Ja (德)是
移動:
- Ah, I see 啊 我明白
- Oh, ja! 哦 是
- Wonderful! 太棒了
- I understand 我知道
- A to B A至B
驚恐:
- Back to the lab! 快回實驗室
- I'm dying for science 我要為科學獻身了
- This was not smart 這不聰明
- Whos idea was this? 誰出的主意
特殊:
- Isn't anyone coming to save me? 有人來救我么
- Finally, it's about time 終於來了 還及時

Premier Romanov 若曼諾夫總理
選擇:
- I'm Premier you know 我是總理 你知道
- I have legacy to consider! 我有(斯大林的)遺願要思考
- Which way, comrade? 走哪條路 同志
- Guide me to safety 把我領向平安
移動:
- I will consider it 我會考慮的
- At my own pace 照著我自己的步伐走
- On to victory 針對勝利
- For Soviet glory 為蘇維埃的榮譽
- These boots are too tight 這雙靴子太緊了
驚恐:
- How dare you? 你怎麼敢(這樣)
- I'll get you for that 我要為那處置你
- Oh mother Russia 哦 蘇俄母親
- Save me! 救我
特殊:
- uuuh... Y-Yuri is calling me... 呃 尤里在召喚我
- These are plans for Iron Curtain. Use on our Demolotion Trucks
to make ultimate weapon of destruction!
這些是鐵幕裝置的設計圖 把它使用在我們的自爆卡車上 成為終極的毀滅武器
- I... am in Yuri's base... Help me Comrade General... 我 在尤里的基地內 幫助我 指揮官同志
- Get me to airport! 送我前去機場

Arnnie Frankenfurter 阿爾尼 弗蘭肯弗特
選擇:
- Your orders, give them to me 您的命令 傳達給我
- I'm pumped up 我准備行動
- Find me something to terminate 給我些東西來報銷
- I'm ready to rumble 我正好想打架
移動:
- Nice night full of walk 多麼美的夜晚 多散散步
- Aaa
攻擊:
- You're terminated! 你被消滅了
- You've been erased 你不存在了
- Let me pump you up 讓我幹掉你
- It's judgement day 現在是審判的那天
- Take these, girly man 來嘗嘗這個 娘娘腔
驚恐:
- We got company 我們有同伴了
- Things are not good here 這兒一切都不好
- We are under attack 我們正遭受襲擊
- More predators 如此多的掠奪者
- Gwah!
特殊:
- You can't control me 你不能控制我
- I still have total recall 我依然擁有全部的記憶
- My mind is my own 我思想屬於我自己
- Yuri sent these puny weaklings to feed me to his Grinder and
give his men funds. Harvest my rage, Commander, and show Yuri's
girly man what it means to be powerful!
尤里派出這些微不足道的僂僂 他們想要把我送進研磨裝置來提供他們人資金
集中我的憤怒 指揮官 給尤里的僂僂們看看什麼是著真正的威力

Flint Westwood 夫林特 西木
選擇:
- I was born ready 我生來就准備好了
- Call me Harry 叫我哈雷
- Meet Smith & Wesson 見見使密斯和維生吧
- 45 in the hostess 在45號的女主人那兒
移動:
- Ready to go? 准備出發么
- Down & dirty 既倒霉又骯臟
- Magnum on the move 大塊頭行動中
- Runnin' the gauntlet (亦有開始挑戰之意)順夾道奔跑
- Walkin' the tightrope 沿直線行動
攻擊:
- I'll blow'em a way 我會把他們解決掉
- In the line of fire 處在火力口上
- Take this advice, punk! 嘗嘗這玩樣兒 廢物
驚恐:
- It's rainin' lead 下起彈雨來了
- Deep in to deadpool here! 深陷死亡之淵
特殊:
- Don't mess with my head! 不要給我亂攪和
- Try me again, punk 在試一下 廢物

Sammy Stallion 薩米 (種馬)斯堆利安
選擇:
- Yo! 喲
- I'm their worst nightmare 我是他們最糟的噩夢
- Ready for round one 准備來第一回合
移動:
- Yo, I'm there! 喲 我在這兒
- Fancy footwook 嗜好徒步行走
- You know it 你清楚它
- Allright, sound like a plan 好啊 聽起來像個計劃
攻擊:
- You ain't so bad 你不那麼的壞
- You want war? You got it 你需要戰爭 你得到它了
- You ain't nothing 你並非一文不值
- You're the disease I'm the cure 你是疾病 而我是良方
驚恐:
- They've hittin' pretty hard 它們使我傷得很重
- This ain't looking so good 看起來並不好
- Hey yo, how 'bout some help here? 嘿 能否在這援助一下
特殊:
- Yo, you can't scramble my brains 喲 你不能控制我的大腦
- Yo, nice try! 喲 好身手
- I ain't even got a headache 我甚至連頭痛都沒有
- Yo, my mom hits harder then that! 喲 我媽媽打得比那還狠
- I got a hard head 我的頭很硬朗
- Yo, thanks for getting me out Commander! 喲 感謝您救我出來 指揮官

Secret Service 特工
選擇:
- I'll take the bullet 我願(承擔)被挨子彈(的風險)
- Agent in the field 特工在區域中
- Secret service here 特工在這兒
- Need an escort? 需要保鏢么
- Assignment sir? 什麼任務 長官
- What's your clearance level? 您通行證是什麼等級
移動:
- Securing the erea 確保該區域安全
- Scanning perimeter 審察界線(的范圍)
- Right away sir 立刻行動 長官
- Assignment recieved 收到任務
驚恐:
- He's doesn't belong here 他不應(出現)在這里
- He's a threat 他會構成威脅
- No witnesses 無人(在場)目擊
- Executing assignment 執行任務

2. the way 後面是加which 還是that為什麼

the way作先行詞時，後面可以用which或that，或者省略，參考下面三個bbc的網頁
www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext/Campbell22.9.96.html (the way which)
www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/david_3.shtml (the way that)
www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/dna/606/A33088584 (the way he helped do at Ferrari)

3. 英語聽不清楚

樓主可能說的是---只是可能

星際爭霸里的 人族的大型戰艦 不過這個不是船 是飛船

剛建造完成 你選中它 他就說

Battlecruiser operational. 戰斗巡洋艦待命中

讀音是：白頭可入澤兒，奧破瑞伸耨

個人推斷而已 樓主參考下

這里比較全 樓主可以參考下

http://..com/question/86045267.html?si=2

4. 薛定諤為什麼翻譯作薛定諤

暈是薛定諤的貓

薛定諤的貓
物理學 周飛 王玲麗
貓的誕生
薛定諤對量子力學的"哥本哈根解釋"經常提出質疑. 1935 年.薛定諤對量子力學哥本哈根學派提出了又一次挑戰.他設想一種理想實驗:
"一隻貓關在一個鋼盒內,盒中有下述極殘忍的裝置(必須保證此裝置不受貓的直接干擾):在蓋革計數器中有一小塊輻射物質,它非常小,或許在1 小時內只有一個原子衰變.在相同的幾率下或許沒有一個原子衰變.如果發生衰變,計數管便放電,並通過繼電器釋放一錘,擊碎 一個小的氫氰酸瓶.如果人們使這整個系統自己存在1 個小時, 那麼人們會說,如果在期間沒有原子衰變,這貓就是活的.而第一次原子衰變必定會毒殺了貓."
貓的照片
我們心中的貓
根據量子力學,盒內整個系統處於兩種態的疊加
之中,其中第一分量意味著死貓與原子嬗變態|e>的關聯;第二分量意味著活貓與原子穩態|g>的關聯.這樣的關聯狀態就是所謂的量子糾纏態.
我們看貓
那麼,在這個箱子里的貓究竟是死的還是活的呢 按照以玻爾為代表的哥本哈根學派的解釋,放射性原子的衰變可以用波函數來描述.在沒有打開箱子時,放射性原子進入了衰變與不衰變的迭加態,這時貓就成了一隻處於迭加態的貓,即一隻又死又活,半死半活的貓.只有當實驗者打開箱子的時候,波函數突然"坍縮",我們才能知道貓的確定態:死,或者活.
然而,貓卻不這樣認為
是死是活,
我心裡明白
理論上講, 貓自己還是知道自己是活還是死的.
但根據量子測量假說,處在這種怪態上,貓的生死是打開盒子前的"客觀存在",但又決定於打開盒子後的"觀察".看上去這個推論是不合理的,因而稱之為"薛定諤貓佯謬".
如果盒子還有一個人,貓的生死他是知道的,他是否會得到與盒外觀察者一樣的結果呢
多宇宙解釋
當你擲骰子,它看起會隨機得到一個特定的結果.然而量子力學指出,那一瞬間你實際上擲出了每一個狀態,骰子在不同的宇宙
中停在不同的點數.其中一個宇宙里,你擲出了1,另一個宇宙里你擲出了2…….然而我們僅能看到全部真實的一小部分--其中一個宇宙.
多宇宙解釋中的貓
多宇宙認為貓並未疊加,而是"分裂"成了兩只,一死一活,必定有一隻活貓!只不過它們存在於兩個平行的世界中.
多宇宙理論中的問題——量子永生
現在假如有一位勇於為科學獻身的仁人義士,他自告奮勇地去代替那隻倒霉的貓.根據多宇宙,必定有一個你看到瓶子碎掉,另一個你在另一個世界裡看到瓶子仍然完整.但問題是,看到瓶碎的那位隨即就死掉了,什麼感覺都沒有了,這個世界對"你"來說就已經沒有意義了.對你來說,唯一有意義的世界就是你活著的那個世界.
所以,從人擇原理的角度上來講,對你唯一有意義的"存在"就是那些你活著的世界.你永遠只會看到瓶子完好無損而繼續活著!因為多宇宙和哥本哈根不同,永遠都會有一個你活在某個世界!
如果多宇宙理論是正確的,那麼我們得到的推論是:一旦一個"意識"開始存在,從它自身的角度來看,它就必定永生!
尋找新的解釋
既然量子論是正確的,那麼疊加性必然是一種普遍現象.可是,為什麼火星有著一條確定的軌道,而不是從軌道上向外散開去呢
自然,答案在哥本哈根派的錦囊中是唾手可得:火星之所以不散開去,是因為有人在"觀察"它,或者說有人在看著它.每看一次,它的波函數就坍縮了.但無論費米還是蓋爾曼,都覺得這個答案太無聊和愚蠢,必定有一種更好的解釋.
新的解釋——量子退相干
現在除非存在某種機制,破壞貓的內部狀態或死貓和活貓(波包內部或波包之間)的相干疊加,"薛定諤貓佯謬"和宏觀物體空間局域化問題在邏輯和常識上才能得到自恰的解決.
目前,可以用量子糾纏誘導量子退相乾的觀點,對薛定諤貓徉謬和宏觀物體的空間定域化問題給出可能的物理解答.
量子退相干
定性地說,一方面,組成宏觀物體的內部微觀粒子的個體無規運動,以及宏觀物體所處的環境的隨機運動,會與宏觀物體的集體自由度耦合糾纏起來,產生對集體自由度的廣義量子測量.隨著環境的自由度或組成宏觀物體的粒子數增多,與之相互作用的量子系統會出現量子退相干,使得量子相干疊加名存實亡.由此看來,"薛定諤貓佯謬"和宏觀物體的空間定域化問題有可能起因於對問題的不恰當地表述.
量子退相干
量子測量會引起量子退相干
現在可以設想,環境的作用和宏觀物體的內部的影響,相當於對集體自由度進行有效的量子測量,形成環境的或宏觀物體的內部與系統間的糾纏態.從這一角度,Wigner 及 Joos 和 Zeh 討論了解決薛定諤貓徉謬和宏觀物體的空間定域化問題的可能性:環境粒子與宏觀物體散射會形成宏觀物體和散射粒子(真空光子,空氣的原子分子)之間的量子糾纏態,從而環境粒子能夠記錄宏觀物體的"which-way"信息.特別是,依據Omnes "內部環境"的觀念,我們因子化理論的分析不限於環境誘導量子退相干,可以包括組成宏觀物體的微觀粒子的個體無規運動引起量子退相乾的分析.這就強調了,即使把宏觀物體與其環境完全隔離開,量子退相干也會發生.
用退相干理論去理解貓
談到的宏觀物體-"貓"的"死"和"活"是代表貓兩種集體狀態(或兩個宏觀可區別的波包),如質心自由度所處的狀態.由於宏觀物體由大量微觀粒子組成,其組成的部分的運動不是嚴格地協調一致.在這種情況下,必須考慮眾多內部自由度對集體態的影響. 這種影響與集體狀態形成理想的量子糾纏,"平均掉"內部自由度的影響,宏觀物體的相干疊加性就會被破壞了:死貓與原子嬗變態|e>的關聯和活貓與原子穩態|g>的關聯是經典的.
貓兒的處境快清楚了
這是一個客觀的概率性事件,並不依賴人們去觀察什麼.這與量子糾纏態 描述的概率性事件有本質的不同,因為後者依賴於人們去觀察什麼.(可以觀測 |e> 或 |g>,也可以觀測|e> 和 |g> 的相干疊加,二者會給出不同的關聯).因此,雖然形式地寫出了死態與活態的相干疊加,但在嚴格的意義下,只要談到通常的"宏觀物體",其相乾性是不存在的.
貓的"死"和"活"是不相乾的
由於薛定諤貓是一個宏觀物體,它具有非常大的狀態空間和特別密集的能譜.例如,我們假設"貓"是由N 個二能級原子組成;每個粒子的基態能量為0,而激發態的能量為 E,則貓的總能量必處於0 和 NE 之間,而可能存在的不同狀態總數為2N,則平均能量間隔為NE/2N .因此,當N 很大時,能量間隔趨近於零.由於能級間隔很小,內部狀態既便經歷了一個很小的擾動,也很容易躍遷到不同的狀態上.就是說,集體自由度在不同的狀態上會對不同的內部狀態產生不同的影響.上述不穩定性會導致與"死"和"活"關聯的內部狀態不一樣.事實上,由於內態包含了很多分量,只要其中一個正交,便出現了量子退相干.
實驗中的"薛定諤貓"
以上的討論只是表明在通常的情況下,由於各種量子退相乾的原因,象"貓"這樣的宏觀物體不會穩定地處於一個相干疊加態上.但是,在極特殊的情況下宏觀量子態還是可能存在的.這種情況有二:
如果組成宏觀物體的內部分量能"協調一致",存在 某種相位匹配,則有可能形成宏觀量子態.這方面一個典型的例子是超導和玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚(BEC).
如果組成宏觀物體的內部分量相對固定,宏觀物體的內部自由度不被與集體自由度的耦合所激發.Zeilinger 研究小組C60 分子的量子干涉實驗便屬於這種情況.
結束語
"薛定諤貓"是被作為質疑量子力學的極端例子提出來的,但圍繞著它一系列量子力學基本問題的研究,其寓意是十分深刻的.一方面,薛定諤貓為我們提供了從量子力學過渡到經典力學的範例,使人們充分領略到退相干過程的基本物理含義,並尋求比量子力學更基本的底層理論;另一方面,由於人們能夠在特殊的條件下,制備出各種各樣薛定諤貓態,使得量子力學適用的領域,從微觀直接延伸到宏觀,其進一步應用有可能發現新的,更宜於實際實現的量子信息載體.

5. 求一篇有關網路虛擬實驗室的中英文文獻，要中英

論文中英對照，可能有錯誤，但應該不會很多。

隨著計算機、網路技術的不斷發展，網路虛擬實驗室得到越來越多的應用。 With the computer, the continuous development of network technology, network virtual laboratory to be more and more applications. 介紹了虛擬實驗室的基本特點及其體系結構，實現虛擬實驗室的四種關鍵技術： Java、ActiveX、VRML、ASP，最後探討了虛擬實驗室開發過程當中應注意的幾個問題。 Introced the basic characteristics of virtual laboratory and its architecture, the realization of virtual laboratory four key technologies: Java, ActiveX, VRML, ASP, the last of the development process of virtual laboratory should pay attention to several problems. 關鍵詞虛擬實驗室遠程教育現代教育技術迅速崛起的現代教育技術把虛擬實驗引入到了實驗教學中。 Key words virtual laboratory of modern ecational technology distance ecation the rapid rise of the modern ecational technology into the virtual experiment experimental teaching. 虛擬實驗的應用改變了傳統的教育模式，使得教與學方式發生了革命性的變化。 Application of virtual experiment to change the traditional mode of ecation and teaching and learning approach makes revolutionary change took place. 目前，用於實驗教學的計算機虛擬實驗軟體非常豐富，加上高校計算機及網路資源，為虛擬實驗的開設提供了必要的基礎條件。 At present, for the experimental teaching of computer software, rich virtual experiment, together with the Universities computer and network resources for the creation of virtual experiments to provide the necessary basic conditions. 通過網路虛擬實驗室，能夠通過計算機在網路中模擬一些實驗現象，它不僅僅能夠提高實驗教學效果，更加重要的是對一些缺乏實驗條件的學生，通過網路同樣能夠身臨其境地觀察實驗現象，甚至和異地的學生合作進行實驗。 Through the network of virtual labs, through computer simulation in the network a number of experimental phenomena, it is not only to improve the effectiveness of experimental teaching, and more importantly, the lack of experimental conditions on some of the students, through the network to feel the same experimental phenomena observed, students in different places and even co-operation and carry out such experiments. 1 網路虛擬實驗室的發展及其特點網路虛擬實驗就是在WEB中創建出一個可視化的環境，其中每一個可視化的物體代表一種實驗對象。 1 of the development of virtual laboratory network and the characteristics of the network is in the WEB virtual experiment to create a visual environment, a visualization of each of these objects on behalf of an experimental object. 通過滑鼠的點擊以及拖曳操作，用戶可以進行虛擬的實驗。 Through mouse clicks and drag and drop operation, users can conct virtual experiments. 網路虛擬實驗實現的基礎是多媒體計算機技術與網路技術的結合。 Network virtual experiment is based on the realization of multi-media computer technology and network technology. 無論是學生還是教師，都可以自由地、無顧慮地隨時進入虛擬實驗室操作儀器，進行各種實驗。 Whether students or teachers, are free and without hesitation to operate at any time to enter the virtual laboratory apparatus, to carry out various experiments. 為實驗類課程的教學改革及遠程教育提供了條件和技術支持。 Experimental curriculum reform and teaching conditions for the provision of distance ecation and technical support. 許多國內外從事實驗室工作的研究者們在實踐中還提出這樣一些概念：Digital Lab、MBL（Micro-computer Based Lab），盡管這些名詞不統一，但他們的實踐從不同的層面實現了虛擬實驗室。 Many at home and abroad to engage in laboratory work in practice, the researchers also proposed the concept of such: Digital Lab, MBL (Micro-computer Based Lab), although these terms are not uniform, but they practice at different levels from a virtual experiment Room. 1．1 印地安那州立大學的MBL化學實驗室該實驗室在給新生開化學實驗課時用計算機來輔助做這樣一些事，用計算機採集與分析實驗數據，用計算機展示實驗，在網上發布相關的實驗指導材料。 1.1 of the Indiana State University chemical laboratory of the MBL laboratory chemistry experiments to open new classes to help with the computer do something with computer acquisition and analysis of experimental data, using computer experiments show that in the relevant online Experimental guidance material. 1.2 芝加哥伊利諾伊大學數字化有機化學實驗室該實驗室充分利用網路資源，在網上提供了一系列的實驗教學指導：在線實驗教材；實驗教學時間表；實驗測評方法、形式、時間；虛擬實驗；相關教學資源的鏈接等。 1.2 University of Illinois at Chicago, the number of the laboratory of organic chemistry lab full use of network resources, the Internet has provided a series of experimental teaching guide: online experimental materials; experimental teaching timetable; experimental evaluation of methods, forms, time; virtual experiments; related to teaching Links and other resources. 他們還用計算機進行實驗教學的教務管理。 They also experiment with computer teaching ecational administration. 1.3 卡羅萊納州立大學的LAAP（Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics）他們利用Java技術建立了基於Web的探索式虛擬物理實驗室，主要有以下幾個模塊：基於Java Applet的虛擬實驗設備和實驗設施；相關的實驗課程模塊；實驗學習結果評價模塊；協作學習模塊。 1.3 Carolina State University LAAP (Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics) using Java technology to build Web-based virtual physics laboratory to explore, mainly in the following moles: Java Applet based virtual laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities; related An experimental course mole; experimental study and the results of the evaluation mole; collaborative learning mole. 虛擬實驗室最大的優點是成本低，效率高。 Virtual Laboratory biggest advantage is low cost, high efficiency. 因為「軟體即為儀器」，這樣就可解決因實驗經費不足或高檔次、高價位設備缺乏所不能開出的實物實驗，同時也不會造成因使用不當，管理不善等因素造成的儀器損壞、元器件丟失等現象。 Because "software is the instrument," and this could be the lack of funds resulting from the experimental or high-grade, high-priced equipment can not be opened by the lack of physical experiments, but also will not lead to a result of improper use caused by such factors as poor management of equipment damage, missing components and so on. 同時虛擬實驗還可以模擬實驗室中沒有的設備，而且還可以不受時空的限制方便地進行實驗。 At the same time, virtual experiments can not simulate the laboratory equipment, but also can be exempted from the restrictions of time and space to easily carry out such experiments. 另外，虛擬實驗室還應具備一些基本特徵：與現實的一致性（或現實的延伸）、高度交互性、實時的信息反饋。 In addition, the virtual laboratory should also have some basic features: the coherence and reality (or an extension of reality), highly interactive, real-time feedback. 2 網路虛擬實驗室體系結構網路虛擬實驗室應是一個集虛擬實驗教學管理系統、實驗課教學指導系統，網路實驗模擬等為一體的功能強大的網上運行系統。 2 Network architecture of Virtual Laboratory Virtual Laboratory should be a set of virtual experiment management system for teaching, laboratory teaching guidance systems, network simulation and so on into a powerful operating system online. 各部分之間相互聯系相互補充，僅具有相對獨立性。 Interlinkages between the various parts of each other, only with relative independence. 開發虛擬環境，實現實驗模擬應是虛擬實驗室建設的核心部分。 The development of a virtual environment, the realization of experimental simulation is a virtual laboratory should be the core of the building. 圖1是虛擬實驗室體系結構圖。 Figure 1 is a virtual laboratory system structure. 3 構建網路虛擬實驗室的關鍵技術目前國內的虛擬實驗室研究還處於萌芽階段，國外已經有很多大學進行了這方面的研究。 3 build a network of key technology of virtual laboratory virtual current laboratory research is still in its infancy, many universities abroad have carried out studies in this area. 總結他們所使用的技術，可以看出大多可以劃分下面幾類： 3.1 Java技術Java是一個廣泛使用的網路編程語言，它是一種新的計算概念。 Summing up their use of technology, we can see that the majority can be divided into the following categories: 3.1 Java technology is a widely used Java web programming language, it is a new computing concept. 首先，作為一種程序設計語言，它簡單、不依賴於機器的結構、具有可移植性、安全性、並且提供了並發的機制、具有很高的性能。 First of all, as a programming language, it is simple, is not dependent on the structure of the machine with portability, security, and provides a mechanism for concurrency, high performance. 其次，它最大限度地利用了網路，Java的小應用程序（applet）可在網路上運行而不受CPU和環境的限制。 Secondly, to maximize the use of its network, Java applets for (applet) can be run on the network without restrictions on CPU and the environment. 另外，Java還提供了豐富的類庫，使程序設計者可以很方便地建立自己的系統，這一點對於構建網上虛擬實驗室系統來說也是非常關鍵的。 In addition, Java also provides a rich class library, so that process designers can easily build their own systems, this point for building a virtual laboratory system is also very crucial. 3.2 ActiveX控制項ActiveX技術允許不同軟體開發的組件在網路上可以互相進行操作。 3.2 ActiveX Controls ActiveX technology allows different software components on the network can operate with each other. Ac?鄄tiveX使用了微軟的組件對象技術使得本地的組件可以和網路上的組件進行通信，使用ActiveX開發的另一個好處在於它的代碼復用性，也就是說在虛擬實驗室的開發過程中，一個實驗儀器可以在多個實驗環境中重復使用，這一點對於持續開發過程尤為重要。 Ac? Juan tiveX use of Microsoft's Component Object technology enables local and network components can be components of the communication, the development of the use of ActiveX Another advantage is that it is code reuse, that is to say in a virtual laboratory development process, an experimental device which can be the environment in a number of experiments re-use, this is particularly important in the process of sustainable development. 這種技術使得一個大的工程項目可以劃分成小塊的組件，也就相當於把復雜工程簡單為一個個組成部分，完成了每個組成部分之後集成起來就可以得到最終的項目。 This technology enables a large project can be divided into small components, it is equivalent to the complexity of the project as a simple component, was completed after each component can be integrated into the final project. 可以開發ActiveX組件的環境有很多，其中開發效率最高和最易上手的是Visual Ba?鄄sic。 ActiveX components can be developed a lot of environment in which to develop the most efficient and most易上手is Visual Ba? Juan sic. 3.3 VRML技術VRML是虛擬實境描述模型語言(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) 的簡稱。 3.3 VRML technology is VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) the short title. 它是描述虛擬環境中場景的一種標准，也是在網上實現虛擬現實的關鍵性技術。 It is described in a virtual environment of a standard scene, but also the Internet to achieve the key technologies of virtual reality. VRML的基本特徵包括分布式、互動式、平台無關、三維、多媒體集成、逼真自然等，被成為「第二代WEB」，已經被越來越多的人們所重視。 The basic feature of VRML, including distributed, interactive, platform-independent, three-dimensional, multi-media integration, life-like nature, was a "second-generation WEB", has been more and more people paying attention to. 國際標准化組織1998年1月正式將其批准為國際標准。 International Organization for Standardization in January 1998 officially approved as international standards. VRML是一種建模語言，其基本目標是建立Internet上的互動式三維多媒體，也就是說，它是用來描述三維物體及其行為的，可以構建虛擬境界。 VRML is a modeling language, its basic goal is to establish a three-dimensional Internet, interactive multimedia, in other words, it is used to describe the three-dimensional objects and their behavior, you can build a virtual realm. 用VRML實現與Internet虛擬現實交互有下面幾個好處：豐富了媒體表現形式、協同工作角色的可視化管理、改善了協同環境的用戶界面、增強了協同環境的交互性。 With the Internet using VRML interactive virtual reality has the following advantages: rich media manifestations, the role of the visual work of management, to improve the collaborative environment of the user interface, enhanced interactive collaborative environment. 可見，將VRML融合到網上虛擬實驗室的開發過程中，既可以增強表現力和用戶的接受力，又可以實現較好的協同工作虛擬化環境。 Can be seen that the VRML into the development of online virtual laboratory process, can enhance performance and user acceptance, but also work together to achieve a better virtual environment. 3.4 ASP技術ASP（Active Server Pages，動態伺服器端網頁），內含在Internet Information Server 3.0及其以上版本中，提供一個伺服器端的腳本環境，用於產生和執行動態、高效率的網路伺服器應用程序。 3.4 ASP technology ASP (Active Server Pages, Dynamic server-side page), including in the Internet Information Server 3.0 and above versions, to provide a server-side scripting environment for the generation and implementation of dynamic and efficient web server applications. ASP不只是動態的網頁，它更是當今眾多的Web應用程序實作方式之一，它負責整個Web應用程序的控制部分。 ASP pages not only dynamic, it is today a large number of Web applications is one of the ways to make, which is responsible for the entire Web application control part. ASP提供五個內建的對象供使用者調用，即Re?鄄quest對象（取得用戶信息）、Response對象（傳送信息給用戶）、Server對象（提供訪問伺服器的方法、屬性）、Application對象（用於多個使用者在多個網頁間共享信息）和Session對象（用於單個使用者在多個網頁間共享信息）。 ASP provides a total of five built-in objects for users to call, that is, Re? Juan quest object (to obtain user information), Response object (to send information to the user), Server object (the server to provide access methods, properties), Application object (with in a variety of users to share information between multiple pages) and the Session object (for indivial users to share information between multiple pages). 4 網路虛擬實驗室開發過程當中應注意的幾個問題計算機軟體技術發展到今天，為虛擬實驗室開發提供了極大的方便。 4 virtual laboratory network development process should pay attention to several issues of the development of computer software technology to today, for the development of virtual laboratory provides great convenience. 目前開發所需的系統軟體或工具均支持面向對象的程序設計。 At present, the development of the necessary system software or tools to support object-oriented programming. 它們都有事件驅動的支持，消息循環的程序設計方法及多媒體操作技術。 They have the support of event-driven news cycle of programming and multimedia skills. 在開發過程當中要注意以下幾個問題：事件觸發時機的選擇，實際操作當中某個按鈕按下後並不立即反映，需要延時回應，外部介面的輸入信號或其它信息往往是定時觸發或隨機觸發的事件，若為隨機觸發的事件則可用一定時限內的隨機數來取代固定時間。 In the development process should pay attention to the following questions: Event trigger timing, the actual operation of them after a button press does not immediately reflect the need to delay response to the external interface of the input signal or other information from time to time is often triggered or random trigger events, if the random trigger events are available for a certain period of time the random number to replace the fixed time. 事件聯鎖關系或動態順序關系可以存放在一張資料庫表中描述，修改方便。 Interlocking relationship between events or dynamic order can be stored in a database table is described, modify convenience. 給定相應的條件、控制范圍，自動形成數據表，使數據和程序獨立。 Given the appropriate conditions, control, data tables automatically, so that an independent data and programs. 模擬聲音，要使實驗達到逼真，除了模擬控制台實物景象，還要模擬它們實驗環境中的各種聲音，如汽笛聲、按鈕按動聲、內部機械動作聲等。 Analog voice, to achieve the realistic experiment, in addition to the physical simulation of the console scene, but also simulation of their experimental sounds in the environment, such as the whistle sound, the sound button pressed, the internal mechanical action, such as sound. 這樣，才能使學生在實驗室有身臨其境的感覺，全身心地投入學習。 In this way can help students in the laboratory are immersive feeling, to fully participate in the study. 模擬檯面各種動作的結果，檯面上每個控制項的動作都會觸發一定的事件。 Simulation results of the table a variety of movements, control the movements of each table will trigger a certain event. 這些事件在實物設備中是靠機械、電子電路等去完成，而現在將這些機械及電子邏輯關系使用計算機軟體實現。 These events in the physical devices by mechanical, electronic circuits, such as to complete, and now to the relationship between mechanical and electronic logic using computer software. 故障發生器，在實際工作中除了設備正常情況下的操作，還有各種意外情況，如某些設備故障的情況。 Fault generator, in practical work in addition to equipment operation under normal circumstances, there are a variety of unforeseen circumstances, such as the failure of some equipment. 此時，要求在虛擬系統中也能模擬手柄失靈、儀表信號不顯示及自然災害發生的情況等，即給實驗增加一些難度，強化學生實際操作能力。 At this point, the request in a virtual simulation system can also handle failures, instrument signals and do not show the case of natural disasters and so on, that is, to increase the difficulty of the experiment, the actual operation to strengthen the capacity of students. 5 結束語虛擬實驗技術在實驗教學中具有廣闊的應用、發展前景，隨著虛擬實驗的普及，其優越性會被越來越多的人認識。 5 Conclusion virtual experiment in teaching experiments have broad applications, development prospects, with the popularity of virtual experiments, and its advantages will be more and more people are aware of. 但要使虛擬實驗技術真正得到推廣應用，關鍵還是觀念的改變，首先是教師觀念的改變，除了具有創新精神和能力外，還應有一個科學的投資理念，在實驗室建設和發展中，充分考慮投資效益，建設現代化的實驗室。 But for the virtual experiment really promote the use of technology, the key is to change the concept, first of all, the concept of change in teachers, in addition to the spirit of innovation and capacity, there should be a scientific concept of investment, construction and development in the laboratory, the full consider the investment returns and building a modern laboratory. 其次要培養一支高素質的實驗隊伍，不斷地進行知識更新，加強學習，重視信息的收集、加工、應用，了解掌握最新技術，促進實驗教學發展。 Second, we must cultivate a high-quality experimental team, continually update their knowledge to enhance learning, importance of information collection, processing, application, understand the latest technology, and promote the development of experimental teaching. 虛擬實驗的應用和發展，加快了實驗室發展和實驗教學改革，促進了教育觀念的改變。 Application of the virtual experiment and development, to accelerate the development and experimental laboratory teaching reform, the promotion of ecation to change attitudes. 是培養創新人才的新的實驗手段。 Is to train innovative talents of the new experimental tools. 虛擬實驗在21世紀實驗教學中必將佔有重要地位，無疑會起到很大的作用。 Virtual experiment experimental teaching in the 21st century will certainly occupy an important position, will undoubtedly play a significant role.

6. 紅警游戲語音

我只有紅警尤里復仇的語音。你看看吧。紅警原版找不到了。特殊：
Freed Slave 獲釋的奴隸
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選擇:
- What can I do? 我能做點什麼
- Will work for fool! 去為傻瓜工作吧
- Liberty is sweet 自由真甜美
- How can I help? 我能幫忙么
移動:
- Sure! 好啊
- Ohh-de-doo-de-doo
- Do I still need this shovel? 我還要這把鐵鍬么
- Hm Okay! 嗯 好的
攻擊:
- Payback time! 償還的時間到了
- Got my shovel right here! 來吃我一鐵鍬吧
- They pushed me too far! 他們逼迫我太深了
- Charge! (我要)賒帳
- Swing away (用鍬)揮掉
驚恐:
- Ouch! 哎喲
- Hey, quit it! 嘿 停下
- That's not fair! 真不公平啊
- You bully! 你這欺凌弱小者

Premier Romanov 若曼諾夫總理
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選擇:
- I'm Premier you know 我是總理 你知道
- I have legacy to consider! 我有(斯大林的)遺願要思考
- Which way, comrade? 走哪條路 同志
- Guide me to safety 把我領向平安
移動:
- I will consider it 我會考慮的
- At my own pace 照著我自己的步伐走
- On to victory 針對勝利
- For Soviet glory 為蘇維埃的榮譽
- These boots are too tight 這雙靴子太緊了
驚恐:
- How dare you? 你怎麼敢(這樣)
- I'll get you for that 我要為那處置你
- Oh mother Russia 哦 蘇俄母親
- Save me! 救我
特殊:
- uuuh... Y-Yuri is calling me... 呃 尤里在召喚我
- These are plans for Iron Curtain. Use on our Demolotion Trucks
to make ultimate weapon of destruction!
這些是鐵幕裝置的設計圖 把它使用在我們的自爆卡車上 成為終極的毀滅武器
- I... am in Yuri's base... Help me Comrade General... 我 在尤里的基地內 幫助我 指揮官同志
- Get me to airport! 送我前去機場

Professor Einstein 愛因斯坦教授
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選擇:
- Here I am 我在這兒
- I have this theory 我懂這項理論
- Don't rush me, I am thinking 不要催我 我在思考
- Ja (德)是
移動:
- Ah, I see 啊 我明白
- Oh, ja! 哦 是
- Wonderful! 太棒了
- I understand 我知道
- A to B A至B
驚恐:
- Back to the lab! 快回實驗室
- I'm dying for science 我要為科學獻身了
- This was not smart 這不聰明
- Whos idea was this? 誰出的主意
特殊:
- Isn't anyone coming to save me? 有人來救我么
- Finally, it's about time 終於來了 還及時

Arnnie Frankenfurter 阿爾尼 弗蘭肯弗特
--------------------
選擇:
- Your orders, give them to me 您的命令 傳達給我
- I'm pumped up 我准備行動
- Find me something to terminate 給我些東西來報銷
- I'm ready to rumble 我正好想打架
移動:
- Nice night full of walk 多麼美的夜晚 多散散步
- Aaa
攻擊:
- You're terminated! 你被消滅了
- You've been erased 你不存在了
- Let me pump you up 讓我幹掉你
- It's judgement day 現在是審判的那天
- Take these, girly man 來嘗嘗這個 娘娘腔
驚恐:
- We got company 我們有同伴了
- Things are not good here 這兒一切都不好
- We are under attack 我們正遭受襲擊
- More predators 如此多的掠奪者
- Gwah!
特殊:
- You can't control me 你不能控制我
- I still have total recall 我依然擁有全部的記憶
- My mind is my own 我思想屬於我自己
- Yuri sent these puny weaklings to feed me to his Grinder and
give his men funds. Harvest my rage, Commander, and show Yuri's girly man what it means to be powerful!

•
2樓
尤里派出這些微不足道的僂僂 他們想要把我送進研磨裝置來提供他們人資金集中我的憤怒 指揮官 給尤里的僂僂們看看什麼是著真正的威力

Flint Westwood 夫林特 西木
--------------
選擇:
- I was born ready 我生來就准備好了
- Call me Harry 叫我哈雷
- Meet Smith & Wesson 見見使密斯和維生吧
- 45 in the hostess 在45號的女主人那兒
移動:
- Ready to go? 准備出發么
- Down & dirty 既倒霉又骯臟
- Magnum on the move 大塊頭行動中
- Runnin' the gauntlet (亦有開始挑戰之意)順夾道奔跑
- Walkin' the tightrope 沿直線行動
攻擊:
- I'll blow'em a way 我會把他們解決掉
- In the line of fire 處在火力口上
- Take this advice, punk! 嘗嘗這玩樣兒 廢物
驚恐:
- It's rainin' lead 下起彈雨來了
- Deep in to deadpool here! 深陷死亡之淵
特殊:
- Don't mess with my head! 不要給我亂攪和
- Try me again, punk 在試一下 廢物

Sammy Stallion 薩米 (種馬)斯堆利安
--------------
選擇:
- Yo! 喲
- I'm their worst nightmare 我是他們最糟的噩夢
- Ready for round one 准備來第一回合
移動:
- Yo, I'm there! 喲 我在這兒
- Fancy footwook 嗜好徒步行走
- You know it 你清楚它
- Allright, sound like a plan 好啊 聽起來像個計劃
攻擊:
- You ain't so bad 你不那麼的壞
- You want war? You got it 你需要戰爭 你得到它了
- You ain't nothing 你並非一文不值
- You're the disease I'm the cure 你是疾病 而我是良方
驚恐:
- They've hittin' pretty hard 它們使我傷得很重
- This ain't looking so good 看起來並不好
- Hey yo, how 'bout some help here? 嘿 能否在這援助一下
特殊:
- Yo, you can't scramble my brains 喲 你不能控制我的大腦
- Yo, nice try! 喲 好身手
- I ain't even got a headache 我甚至連頭痛都沒有
- Yo, my mom hits harder then that! 喲 我媽媽打得比那還狠
- I got a hard head 我的頭很硬朗
- Yo, thanks for getting me out Commander! 喲 感謝您救我出來 指揮官

Secret Service 特工
--------------
選擇:
- I'll take the bullet 我願(承擔)被挨子彈(的風險)
- Agent in the field 特工在區域中
- Secret service here 特工在這兒
- Need an escort? 需要保鏢么
- Assignment sir? 什麼任務 長官
- What's your clearance level? 您通行證是什麼等級
移動:
- Securing the erea 確保該區域安全
- Scanning perimeter 審察界線(的范圍)
- Right away sir 立刻行動 長官
- Assignment recieved 收到任務
驚恐:
- He's doesn't belong here 他不應(出現)在這里
- He's a threat 他會構成威脅
- No witnesses 無人(在場)目擊
- Executing assignment 執行任務

• 2008-6-21 18:11
• 回復

•
• 陽啊薤露
• 1位粉絲
•
3樓
* Special Units 特色單位
================

Sniper 狙擊手
------
選擇:
- Sniper ready 狙擊手就緒
- Give me a target 給我一個目標
- Give me a job 給我一份任務
- Eliminate' em 除掉他們
移動:
- Proceeding to vantage point 行進至有利位置
- Just give me clear view 只要給我清晰的視野
- I love to camp 我喜愛蹲點(伏擊)
- Just get me close enough 只要讓我足夠接近
- Settling in
攻擊:
- Takin' em out 幹掉他們
- He's in my scope 他在我瞄準鏡中
- He's a dead man 他是死人了
驚恐:
- Run for cover! 尋找掩護
- I need support! 我需要支援
- I'm in too close! 我離得太近了

Tank Destroyer 坦克殺手
--------------
選擇:
- Tank destroyer reporting 坦克殺手報到
- No armors too tough 不存在牢固的裝甲
- They gotta get through me first! 他們必須先過我這關
- Not the tank I can't break 不存在我射不穿的坦克
- Deutschland's finest 德國最出色的
移動:
- Taking position 位置收到
- Advancing 行駛
- In the field (開到)那兒地方
- Moving forward 向前開動
攻擊:
- Demolition Derby time 摧毀金屬的時機到了
- Let's see who's tougher 讓我們瞧瞧誰更堅固
- Piece by piece 以牙還牙
- Nothing left but junk 除了殘骸 沒有什麼會留下
- You call THAT armor? 你叫那玩樣兒裝甲么

Black Eagle 黑鷹戰機
-----------
選擇:
- Aircraft reporting 飛機報到
- Standing by 准備待命
- At your service 為您效勞
- Black Eagle reporting 黑鷹戰機報到
- Eagle squadron (隸屬)黑鷹中隊
- Korea's finest 韓國最出色的
移動:
- Command received 收到命令
- In transit 在飛行中
- Calibrating airspeed 校準行速
攻擊:
- Gunner in position 炮手待命狀態
- Easy target 容易的目標
- Let's take' m out 讓我們消滅他們吧
墜落:
- Eject! Eject! 彈射 彈射
- Bail out! 跳傘
- We're going down 我們在墜落

Terrorist 恐怖分子
---------
"I go freely" 我自由地走著
選擇:
- What are your conditions? 您有何情況
- We must revolt 我們必須反抗
- Need a smuggler? 需要志願者么
移動:
- Vamos Muchachos! (西)讓我們去吧 男孩們
- On my way 在行動中
- I go freely (暗含為自由獻身之意)我自由地走著
攻擊:
- Adios amigos! (西)永別了 朋友們
- Here's a hot papaya!
- For the republic! 為了共和國
- Traitors must be eliminated! 叛國賊必須被殲除
驚恐:
- Take me back to Havana! 送我回哈瓦那吧
- Aiiiih!
- I've been dicovered! 我被發現了

Desolator 輻射兵
---------
選擇:
- Desolator ready 輻射兵就緒
- Ready for melt-down 准備熔化
- Mercury rising (溫度計)水銀柱在上升
移動:
- Find a hot spot 找一個熱鬧的位置
- Scorched Earth 把土地燒焦
- Spread the Doom 傳播災難吧
- There goes the neighborhood 就是那片地區了
- It'll be a silent spring 會是一場毫無徵兆的爆發(關語 或是死氣沉沉的春天)
攻擊:
- Tagged for extinction 貼上毀滅標簽
- Make it glow 讓它灼熱起來
- Let's heat' em up (同上)
- Here comes the sun 太陽(的照射)來了
- The end is near 末日就在眼前
- Let's make an oasis of death 讓我們提供一片死亡的綠洲

Demolition Truck 自爆卡車
----------------
"My truck is loaded!" 我卡車裝好了
選擇:
- My truck is loaded (同上)
- Let's make a delivery 讓我們實施趕死吧
- I shall avenge us! 我會替我們復仇
- Why don't you drive? 為什麼你們不開
移動:
- One way trip 單程旅途
- As you wish 如您所願
- Watch out for the bumps 當心顛簸碰撞
攻擊:
- For my people! 為我的人民
- I am prepare ti die! 我志願獻身
- It will be a smoking crater 它會留下一個冒煙的彈坑
- Don't wait up for me 別再等我了
- Akkkhah!

Tesla Tank 電磁坦克
----------
選擇:
- Generators humming 發生器嗡嗡作響
- Wire for destruction 充電 准備摧毀
- I have the power 我充滿能量
- Reading meters 辨識儀表中
移動:
- Positively 毫無疑問
- Efficient and clean 高效 靈敏
- Maximum power 能量無限
- That sparks my curiousity 那激發了我的好奇
- Nothing wasted 杜絕浪費
攻擊:
- Free hook-ups 釋放接通
- No charge for extra power 無須補充額外能量
- Prepare for rolling blackout 准備經歷突然停電
- Need a little boost? 需要小股高壓電么

7. 定語從句中way後面什麼時候加in which

當先行詞是way的時候，其後的定語從句的引導詞可以有三種情況：that、in which和省略不填。這是英語語法中的一個規定。

例如：I hate the way ________ Tom talks with his parents，這個題目就有三個答案，即that、in which和省略。

但是要注意的是，有很多人會錯誤的選擇how來引導way後面的定語從句，這是錯誤的。究其原因是有人會習慣性地把句子翻譯成為漢語，然後根據漢語的意思來選擇答案。

定語的位置

定語的位置一般有兩種：用在所修飾詞之前的叫前置定語，用在所修飾詞之後的叫後置定語。

一般不定代詞、形容詞、名詞、數詞、量詞、形容性代詞、冠詞等作為前置定語，而過去分詞、不定式、形容詞短語、介詞短語、定語從句、同位語從句等一般作為後置定語。

在英語里，一般定語前置時的次序為：限定詞，形容詞、分詞、動名詞和名詞性定語。但當幾個形容詞同時出現在名詞短語之前，我們要注意其次序。

以上內容參考網路-定語

8. as與in which way的區別

as（像......一樣，按照）引導方式狀語從句；in which way用哪種方法（方式），朝哪個方向。
He does his job as I told him. 他按照我說的做他的工作。
= He does his job in the way （that, in which） I told him.
（In ）Which way did he go just now? 他剛才朝哪個方向（哪條路）走了?
In which way did he do the experiment?他是用哪種方式（方法）做這個實驗的？

9. 求中英文對照的文章-GPS 或 航位推算 或 地圖匹配

三篇論文造就的未來科技
- 相對論不只是抽象的理論，還可以被用來製造微晶片。工程師從愛因斯坦的想法中，持續做出各種創新的工具。

作者╱吉布斯 ( W. Wayt Gibbs )
譯者╱林世昀

ATOMIC SPIN-OFFS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
- A new generation of technologies aims to put Einstein's theories to work in computers, hospitals—even submarines

By W. Wayt Gibbs

1905年，愛因斯坦26歲，正為了完成他探討分子大小的博士論文而奮斗。為了維持家計，他在瑞士專利局工作，專門分析其他人的發明。或許你會想，由於日常工作的啟發，愛因斯坦應該會想辦法把餘暇時所發展的理論，做成實際的應用。可惜，在他發表他那非凡的研究生涯中最著名的五篇論文那一年，幾乎看不到他有這種傾向。不過他對物質、能量和時間所主張的新看法，終究還是啟發了新型機器的發明，促進了人類的工業和醫療技術。
其實愛因斯坦也不是蔑視工程學，只是工程並非他的強項而已：他自己的發明，包括不含機械式運動零件的冰箱，以及防漏幫浦，從來沒有進入量產階段。不過沒有關系，經過整個20世紀，其他人基於愛因斯坦的革命性想法，也建立了許多令人印象深刻的技術，其中最有名的想法，就是光以波包的形式傳播，所有的光子總是遵守同一個速限c，而且能量和物質可以相互轉換，以數學語言來表示，就是E = mc2（見36頁〈天天遇見愛因斯坦〉）。
到了21世紀，工程師開始用新的方式來開發那些著名原理的用途，其中或以完全創新的電腦最值得一提。他們也在為一些愛因斯坦較不為人知的理論尋找實際應用。比如說，奈米技術專家正在製作一種裝置，這個裝置利用分子的隨機運動，來加速DNA的分析；而分子隨機運動的正確解釋，就是1905年由愛因斯坦首先提出的。世界上還有許多實驗室，正在創造愛因斯坦於1925年的經典思考實驗中所預見的各種物質特殊狀態。這些同調的極冷原子群聚，是類似雷射光的物質，可以用在可攜式原子鍾、航行用的超精確陀螺儀，以及描繪礦脈和油田的重力感測器上。
本文將檢視三種由研究實驗室中脫穎而出、最新也最令人興奮的愛因斯坦副產品；當然更多這類的創新發明，在未來的幾年到幾十年間，也將源源不絕而來。雖然距離這位物理大師著手發展更好的數學工具來描述宇宙的那天，已經將近一個世紀了，聰明的發明家運用愛因斯坦的理論來製作巧妙的裝置，卻還方興未艾。
In 1905 Albert Einstein was 26 and struggling to finish his doctoral dissertation on the size of molecules. To pay the bills, he worked at the Swiss patent office, analyzing the inventions of others. You would think his day job would have inspired Einstein to contemplate practical uses for the theories he was developing in his spare time. Yet he showed little inkling that year, as he published five of the most remarkable papers of his extraordinary career, that the new views of matter, energy and time he was urging would eventually inspire novel kinds of machines to advance human instry and health.
It isn't that Einstein disdained engineering. It just wasn't his strong suit: his own inventions, including a refrigerator with no mechanical moving parts and a leak-proof pump, never advanced to mass proction. No matter; over the course of the 20th century, others built an impressive range of technologies [see 「Everyday Einstein,」 by Philip Yam, on page 50] on Einstein's radical notions that light comes in indivial packets, that those photons always obey a universal speed limit c, and that energy and matter can be interconverted: E = mc2, in mathematical shorthand.
In the 21st century, engineers have begun to exploit those famous principles in new ways, perhaps most notably in designs for radically innovative computers. They are also finding practical applications for some of Einstein's lesser-known theories. Nanotechnologists, for example, are making devices that could speed up DNA analysis by harnessing the random motion of molecules, a phenomenon first correctly explained by Einstein in 1905. And laboratories around the world are creating exotic forms of matter that Einstein envisioned in 1925 in one of his classic 「thought experiments.」 These coherent swarms of ultracold atoms—the matter cousins to laser beams—could find use in portable atomic clocks, superprecise gyroscopes for navigation, and gravity sensors for mapping mineral lodes and oil fields.
This article examines three of the newest and most exciting Einsteinian spin-offs emerging from research labs; more such innovations will certainly follow in the years and decades to come. Although nearly a century has passed since the master physicist began fashioning better mathematical tools to describe the universe, there seems no end to the useful gadgets that clever inventors can make with them.

相對論與自旋 Taking Relativity for a Spin
1905年，愛因斯坦研究狹義相對論時所用的唯一一部計算機，就是裝在他腦袋裡的那部。在許多方面，那部生化機器要比任何電子計算機厲害得多了。當然，至今還沒有任何半導體微處理器，可以和人腦的密度與能源效率相提並論：人腦大約有一公斤重，其中有1000兆個處理單元，可是使用的功率和產生的熱量，卻比Pentium 4微處理器還要小。
的確，對半導體工業來說，在追求以同樣的單位成本製造更高效能微晶片的路途上，熱與能源消耗是當今最難以克服的障礙。在未來的20年內，我們熟知的以矽為原料的數位微處理器，將會碰到經濟與物理的根本極限。晶片製造商除了轉而利用不同物理原理的設計，如狹義相對論之外，也許沒有什麼別的選擇了。
表面上，這似乎是個古怪的結合。通常我們只會把狹義相對論和高速運動聯想在一起。在這個理論中，愛因斯坦拋棄了絕對時間和絕對靜止的觀念。他斷言，唯一的常數是c，也就是光在穿越真空時所擁有的速度。這個定律，為任何高速運動（相對於觀察者）的物體帶來了奇怪的結果。比如說，該物體的長度會變短，而它所感受到的時間似乎要比觀察者的慢。如果物體穿越靜電場，它會覺得有一部份的場是磁場。話說回來，這些所謂的相對論效應都很微小，除非物體的速度和c相比很顯著，而c大概是每秒三億公尺。
在這個標准之下，即使是「行動」電腦也不算動得很快。不過電腦里的電子卻夠快。今年稍早美國加州大學聖巴巴拉分校由奧沙隆（David D. Awschalom）領導的研究群，展示了一種利用相對論的方式，他們讓半導體中快速運動的電子，表演出令人印象深刻的新把戲。
這項研究還處於早期階段，大概類似40幾年前造出第一個半導體邏輯閘時的狀況。不過假如工程師有辦法把幾百萬個相對論性邏輯閘整合在一小塊矽晶片上，其成果可能就是執行速度比當今機種快很多，而功率消耗與熱輻射卻少得多的微處理器；奧沙隆目前正在和英特爾與惠普的研究群合作研發這種晶片。
更引人注目的是，相對論性晶片可運用比目前所有電腦用的二進位運算更復雜的邏輯。原則上，這些新型機器甚至可以自己調整它們的布線方式，而且幾乎在瞬間就可變成專為手中工作所量身訂做的電路。舉例來說，想像這種行動電話吧，它能重新配置它的無線電收發器，來使用世界上各種網路，而且只要按一個鈕，就能重新設定它的微處理器，把一種語言翻譯成另外一種。
諸如此類的晶片，在現有的微處理器工廠中製造的可能性非常高。因為秘方並不是新材料，而是近代物理：由相對論和量子力學所描述的行為。
THE ONLY COMPUTER that Einstein used to work out his special theory of relativity in 1905 was the one inside his skull. In many ways, that biochemical machine was far more capable than any electronic computer. Certainly no semiconctor microprocessor yet built can rival the density and energy efficiency of the human brain, which packs roughly a million billion processing elements into a one-kilogram package that uses less power and generates less heat than a Pentium 4 microprocessor.
Indeed, heat and energy consumption today stand as the most formidable obstacles to the semiconctor instry as it seeks to proce ever more powerful microchips at the same unit cost. Within the next 20 years, the advance of digital silicon processors as we know them will hit fundamental economic and physical limits. Chipmakers will have little choice but to move to designs that exploit different principles of physics—those of special relativity, for example.
On its face, that seems an odd combination. Special relativity is all about high-velocity motion. In the theory, Einstein discards the concepts of absolute time and absolute rest. The only constant, he asserts, is c, the speed at which light travels through empty space. That law has strange consequences for any object as it accelerates (relative to the observer). The object's length shortens, for example, and it seems to experience time more slowly than the observer does. If the object moves through a static electric field, it perceives the field as partially magnetic. These so-called relativistic effects are all minuscule, however, unless the object accelerates to a significant fraction of c, which is about 300 million meters per second.
Even 「mobile」 computers don't move very fast by that standard. But the electrons inside them do. And earlier this year a group of physicists led by David D. Awschalom of the University of California at Santa Barbara demonstrated a way to exploit relativity to make the fast-moving electrons in semiconctors perform impressive new tricks.
The work is at an early stage, roughly analogous to the construction of the first semiconctor logic gate some 40 years ago. But if engineers can figure out how to integrate millions of relativistic gates on a small silicon chip—and Awschalom is working with research groups at Intel and Hewlett-Packard to do just that—the result could be processors that run much faster than current models do, while consuming far less power and radiating far less heat.
Even more dramatically, relativistic chips could employ logic that is more sophisticated than the binary operations all computers now use. In principle, these new machines could even modify the way they are wired, adapting almost instantaneously into a circuit customized for the task at hand. Imagine a cell phone, for example, that can reconfigure its transceiver to use any network in the world and that at the push of a button can reprogram its processor to translate speech from one language to another.
Chips such as these could most likely be made in existing microprocessor factories. The secret ingredient is not some new material, but modern physics—behaviors described by the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.

磁的吸引力 The Magnetic Attraction
一般傳統的半導體微晶片運作的基礎，是19世紀的「古典」電磁理論。矽晶圓用離子轟擊，而在其上形成微小的島，各自具有過量或是不足的電子。在這些島之間布置的微電極上加電壓，就能推拉電子進出這些區域、開關邏輯閘，並且調控經過其間的電流。
把大量的鄰近電子撞開，是很不精確的：有些電子會凌亂地彈開，而浪費能量；同時也會產生許多碰撞而發熱。10多年來，已有物理學家實驗過另一類更精密的方式：以磁力代替電場來操縱電子。
美國愛荷華大學的物理學家弗拉提（Micheal E. Flatté）解釋道，這個點子行得通，是因為「電子和外界的交互作用，就好像它隨身帶著一根小小的磁鐵棒一樣。」磁鐵有S極N極。而就和地球繞著連接兩極的軸自轉一樣，每顆電子也都具有磁指向，就是物理學家稱為「自旋」的量子性質。這些粒子並非真的在旋轉，不過它們的表現確實很像是個小陀螺儀。把磁力加在電子上，電子的兩極會開始進動——它的轉軸本身會繞圈圈。把磁場拿掉，電子的自旋就定住了（見左頁〈磁的魔術〉）。弗拉提說：「利用這種效應，把自旋從指嚮往上的狀態進動到往下，你就可以把電子所帶的資訊位元從1變成0。」
電子學以改變電子數量與能量的方式，在電路中移動資訊，而剛萌芽的自旋電子學（spintronics）則將資料編碼在電子自旋的指向中，並且用各種扭轉自旋的方式來做邏輯運算（2002年9月號〈前途無量的自旋電子〉）。摩托羅拉從今年開始量產一種自旋電子記憶晶片，叫做MRAM（magnetic RAM，磁性隨機存取記憶體）。和一般的電腦記憶體不同，MRAM晶片在電源中斷時不會損失資料；電源再度打開前，電子的自旋會一直保持在它的指向上。
自旋電子元件很容易用電池驅動，因為自旋反轉操作所消耗的能量極其微小，而且晶片在兩次運算之間可以停止供應電源。改變一個電子的自旋實際上並不會增加粒子的動能，因此電路幾乎不會發熱。而且整個程序進行得極快：實驗用的裝置，只消在幾皮秒（10-12秒）以內，就能讓電子轉頭。
不過直到最近，所有的自旋電子元件都得用鐵磁金屬才行，這和當前微晶片的製造技術並不協調。奧沙隆說：「很難想像你怎麼能在晶片上的幾百萬個位置添造小磁鐵，而且還能各自獨立地控制它們；不是不可能啦，只是很困難。運用現有價值幾兆元的電子閘極技術會比較好，也就是用電場而非磁場，來操縱自旋。」
CONVENTIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR microchips operate based on 「classical」 19th-century theories of electromagnetism. Silicon wafers are zapped with ions, which form tiny islands with either an excess or a dearth of electrons. Voltages, applied to microscopic electrodes built up around these islands, push and pull electrons in and out of these regions, opening and closing the logic gates and regulating the flow of electric current through them.
Shoving large numbers of electrons around is imprecise—some shoot out in random directions, wasting energy—and it creates lots of collisions, which proce heat. For more than a decade now, physicists have been experimenting with a subtler alternative: using magnetic forces, rather than electric fields, to manipulate the electrons.
This can work, explains physicist Michael E. Flatté of the University of Iowa, because 「an electron acts as if it carries around with it a little bar magnet.」 Magnets have north and south poles, and just as the earth spins around the axis that connects its poles, an electron, too, has a magnetic orientation, a quantum property that physicists call 「spin.」 The particles don't actually rotate, but they do behave like little gyroscopes. Apply magnetic force to an electron, and its poles will precess—the axis itself rotates in a circle. Remove the field, and the electron holds its spin steady [see box on opposite page]. 「By using this effect to precess the spin from pointing up to pointing down, you can change the bit of information carried by that electron from a 1 to a 0,」 Flatté says.
Whereas electronics move information around by changing the number and energy of electrons in a circuit, the nascent field of spintronics encodes data in the orientation of electrons and performs logical operations by twisting their spins this way and that [see 「Spintronics,」 by David D. Awschalom, Michael E. Flatté and Nitin Samarth; Scientific American, June 2002]. This year Motorola began mass-procing spintronic memory chips, called MRAM (for magnetic RAM). Unlike conventional computer memories, the MRAM chips do not lose their data if power is interrupted; the electron spins simply hold their position until power returns.
Spintronic devices are easy on batteries, because spin-flipping operations consume very little power and the chips can shut off between operations. Changing an electron's spin adds virtually no kinetic energy to the particle, so the circuits proce almost no heat. And the process is exceedingly fast: experimental devices have turned electrons on their heads in a few picoseconds (trillionths of a second).
Until recently, however, all spintronic devices have required ferromagnetic metals, which do not mesh well with current microchip proction techniques. 「It's difficult to imagine how you could build little magnets at millions of places on a chip and control each one indivially—not impossible, but difficult,」 Awschalom says. 「It would be much nicer to use the trillions of dollars' worth of electronics gating technology that already exists and to use electric fields, not magnetic fields, to play with spins.」

突破0與1的限制 From Bits to Phits
現在要進入愛因斯坦與他的奇怪想法了：對一個高速運動的電子來說，部份電場看起來會變成截然不同的磁場。在今年1月發表的研究工作中，奧沙隆的研究群就展示了，若將兩層成份稍有不同的半導體疊起來，晶片的應變會造成一個內部的電場。當電子通過半導體時，這電場的高低分布就像圍欄一樣把電子驅趕在一起。他解釋：「由於相對論的關系，由正在穿越的電子看來，這電場會有一部份像是磁場。」於是電子的自旋開始像搖晃的陀螺般進動。
「我們可以用兩種方式來控制電子。」奧沙隆繼續說，「一種方式是改變電壓，這會影響到電子穿越的速度。它們跑得越快，看到的有效磁場越大，」而自旋就進動得越快。第二種手段是利用應變在各方向上的不同性。他說：「我們也可以仔細地設計用來規范電子路徑的線路形狀和方向。」
在1月的論文中，該研究群描述了如何運用雷射光脈沖來排列入射電子的指向，以造出自旋電子位元，以及如何測量它們的自旋。「下一步是在同一個電子裝置中造出它們，把它們四處移動，並且偵測到它們全部。那是相當重要的一步，而我們現在已經辦到了，」奧沙隆說，「這個裝置和目前電腦中的CMOS晶片使用一樣的電壓。當電子撞擊到半導體應變的部份時，自旋會在瞬間極化。然後我們就可以同調地上下翻轉它們的自旋。」這用的是開關閘極的方式。
「同調」是這里的關鍵字，因為它提出了自旋電子晶片最有趣的可能性：超越只有0與1兩個數字的位元，而達到相位元（phase digit, phit）的境界，而有更大范圍的數值可取。電子的相位就是它自旋所指向的方向。把它想成羅盤的指針好了：假如微晶片可以分辨一群群自旋分別指向東、西、南、北方向的電子，那麼每個相位元就可以是0或1、或2或3。
奧沙隆指出：「相位讀得越精確，你就可以把資料儲存的密度增加得越誇張。至於增加50還是一萬倍，端看你測量那個角度有多精確。」感謝幾十年來偵測原子核自旋的磁共振造影技術的發展，「我們確實知道怎麼把這些角度量得很准。」他補上一句。
即使如此，弗拉提警告說：「一個完整可用的自旋電晶體尚未發展成功。」電晶體是不可或缺的，因為它能放大信號，使信號在微處理器中原封不動地穿過一長串邏輯閘。不過雖然依據自旋電子學設計的電晶體目前還不存在，卻顯然會在不久的將來誕生，研究者也正熱切地計畫著用他們來做些什麼事。
去年，德國柏林德魯得固態電子研究所的柯克（Reinhold Koch）與他的研究群，發表了一個運用自旋電子邏輯元件的設計，它能在軟體的控制下改變自己的功能。在某個時刻它可以是布林（Boolean）運算的AND閘，幾奈秒（10-9秒）之後，它又可以轉變成一個OR閘、NOR閘或NAND閘。
能在一瞬間重新布線的電腦，的確威力強大。柯克最近設計了一個完整的加法器（電腦邏輯單元里最普通的一種），其中只用到了四個自旋邏輯元件，而非通常所需要的16個電晶體。自旋電子版的加法器可以節省85%的能源以及75%的空間，執行的速度卻和當今最頂級的微晶片設計一樣快。
工程師距離能得心應手地運用相對論來當成自旋電子電路的設計工具，還差很遠。不過在現有道路上充滿障礙的情況下，愛因斯坦的理論卻也能為電腦工業另闢蹊徑。奧沙隆說：「對這里的物理有一項有趣的觀點是，元件越小，工作得越好。」
ENTER EINSTEIN and his curious notion that an electric field can look distinctly magnetic to a high-speed electron. In work published this past January, Awschalom's group showed that layering two semiconctors of slightly different composition on top of one another strains the chip in ways that set up an internal electric field. The field has high and low spots that act like a corral to herd electrons as they pass through the semiconctor. 「And because of relativity, that electric field looks like a partially magnetic field to the passing electrons,」 he notes. The electrons' spins start to precess like wobbly gyroscopes.
「We can control the electrons in two ways,」 Awschalom continues. 「One way is to change the voltage, which affects the speed at which the electrons travel. The faster they move, the larger the effective magnetic field seems to them」 and the faster their spins precess. The second trick exploits the fact that the strain varies with direction. 「We can also operate on electrons by carefully designing the shape and direction of the wire that sets their path,」 he says.
In the January paper, the group described using pulses of laser light to align the orientation of incoming electrons—thus creating the spintronic bits—as well as to measure their spins. 「The next step is to create them, move them around and detect them all in one electric device. That's a substantial step, but we've done that now,」 Awschalom reports. 「The device uses the same small voltages currently used in CMOS computer chips. Electrons instantaneously polarize their spins when they hit the strained part of the semiconctor. We can then flip their spins back and forth coherently」 by turning gate electrodes on or off.
「Coherently」 is the key word here, because it raises the intriguing possibility of spintronic chips that go beyond bits—the binary digits 0 and 1—to 「phits,」 or phase digits, which can take on a wider range of values. The phase of an electron is simply the direction in which its spin points. Think of it as the needle of a compass: if a microchip can distinguish groups of electrons with north-, south-, east- and west-pointing spins, then each phit could be a 0 or a 1—or a 2 or a 3.
「The more precisely you can read the phase, the more dramatically you can increase the density of data storage,」 Awschalom points out. 「Whether it increases by a factor of 50 or by 10,000 depends on how precisely you can read that angle.」 Thanks to decades of wo

10. 跪求翻譯

2. 微硬碟
非常大的文件現在在非常小的包裹里適合。

較多的數據,在較低的費用,在曾經較小的裝置中:難的駕駛員的微- 塞滿十億位元組級的儲藏能力和迅速的數據- 移動進入極小又紙板火柴- 大小的包裝之內估價 -是方式去。今年以科羅拉多為基礎的壁帶對像 RCA 和 Rio 一樣的製造業者對於 MP3播放機的使用開始賣它的 1.5 GB 儲藏元素駕車。 日立 , 在 2002 年購買了 IBM 的初期 microdriver 生意 , 最近揭開它自己的 4個十億位元組的 microdriver。將來的申請是容易想像：行動電話，個人數傳助手，而且手提攝像機將會很快包括較加內建的儲藏。 Subtler, 也許。在途中是沖擊這將會讓我們想可動性。藉由巨大量的數據總是接近地在手邊 , 難的微駕駛員將會有效地成為個人的伺候器, 提供准備好的接觸你的喜愛歌，電影，連絡和相片 -無論何處你漫遊。 - MATTEW 願能

市場大小,2003: ＄九千萬
市場大小,2007: ＄十億 (計畫)
公司看: 大炮，壁帶，日立, RIO

3.Microelectromechanical 系統 (MEMS)
下一個機器年齡抵達縮圖

有一點太大大地取得資格納米技術 , 但是仍然同樣地極小的當做一說到灰塵,MEMS 正在作大的濺。 一次考慮了實驗室新奇, MEMs 是使用機械的泵，活瓣，懸桁，齒輪或開關運行實際的工作功能的 micromachines 。現在他們正在商業的申請 , 像是消費性電子產品和汽車的系統中開始出現。休息-穿越? 徹底消除微的廉宜製造業的技術- 大小很多的機械集會相同的方法線路在矽上被蝕刻產生處理器薯條。 當資訊科技是該引起空氣囊的時候時候， MEMs 噴嘴已經被用於墨水- 噴氣式飛機的列印機，而且 MEMs 速度感應器告訴大多數的新汽車。塞子未開的機會在於 MEMs 泵可以提供精密控制的葯遞送系統的葯和電傳視訊的領域而 MEMs 光學的開關可以減少費用和光纖網路的復雜。- 大衛 PESCOVITZ

市場大小,2003: ＄三十九億
市場大小,2007: ＄八十三億 (計畫)
公司看: Agilent 技術，類比裝置， BEI 技術， Microfabrica,摩托羅拉