whichway实验装置

1. 红警2尤里复仇的语音

特殊人物篇
Freed Slave 获释的奴隶
选择:
- What can I do? 我能做点什么
- Will work for food! 去为傻瓜工作吧
- Liberty is sweet 自由真甜美
- How can I help? 我能帮忙么
移动:
- Sure! 好啊
- Ohh-de-doo-de-doo
- Do I still need this shovel? 我还要这把铁锹么
- Hm Okay! 嗯 好的
攻击:
- Payback time! 偿还的时间到了
- Got my shovel right here! 来吃我一铁锹吧
- They pushed me too far! 他们逼迫我太深了
- Charge! (我要)赊帐
- Swing away (用锹)挥掉
惊恐:
- Ouch! 哎哟
- Hey, quit it! 嘿 停下
- That's not fair! 真不公平啊
- You bully! 你这欺凌弱小者

Professor Einstein 爱因斯坦教授
选择:
- Here I am 我在这儿
- I have this theory 我懂这项理论
- Don't rush me, I am thinking 不要催我 我在思考
- Ja (德)是
移动:
- Ah, I see 啊 我明白
- Oh, ja! 哦 是
- Wonderful! 太棒了
- I understand 我知道
- A to B A至B
惊恐:
- Back to the lab! 快回实验室
- I'm dying for science 我要为科学献身了
- This was not smart 这不聪明
- Whos idea was this? 谁出的主意
特殊:
- Isn't anyone coming to save me? 有人来救我么
- Finally, it's about time 终于来了 还及时

Premier Romanov 若曼诺夫总理
选择:
- I'm Premier you know 我是总理 你知道
- I have legacy to consider! 我有(斯大林的)遗愿要思考
- Which way, comrade? 走哪条路 同志
- Guide me to safety 把我领向平安
移动:
- I will consider it 我会考虑的
- At my own pace 照着我自己的步伐走
- On to victory 针对胜利
- For Soviet glory 为苏维埃的荣誉
- These boots are too tight 这双靴子太紧了
惊恐:
- How dare you? 你怎么敢(这样)
- I'll get you for that 我要为那处置你
- Oh mother Russia 哦 苏俄母亲
- Save me! 救我
特殊:
- uuuh... Y-Yuri is calling me... 呃 尤里在召唤我
- These are plans for Iron Curtain. Use on our Demolotion Trucks
to make ultimate weapon of destruction!
这些是铁幕装置的设计图 把它使用在我们的自爆卡车上 成为终极的毁灭武器
- I... am in Yuri's base... Help me Comrade General... 我 在尤里的基地内 帮助我 指挥官同志
- Get me to airport! 送我前去机场

Arnnie Frankenfurter 阿尔尼 弗兰肯弗特
选择:
- Your orders, give them to me 您的命令 传达给我
- I'm pumped up 我准备行动
- Find me something to terminate 给我些东西来报销
- I'm ready to rumble 我正好想打架
移动:
- Nice night full of walk 多么美的夜晚 多散散步
- Aaa
攻击:
- You're terminated! 你被消灭了
- You've been erased 你不存在了
- Let me pump you up 让我干掉你
- It's judgement day 现在是审判的那天
- Take these, girly man 来尝尝这个 娘娘腔
惊恐:
- We got company 我们有同伴了
- Things are not good here 这儿一切都不好
- We are under attack 我们正遭受袭击
- More predators 如此多的掠夺者
- Gwah!
特殊:
- You can't control me 你不能控制我
- I still have total recall 我依然拥有全部的记忆
- My mind is my own 我思想属于我自己
- Yuri sent these puny weaklings to feed me to his Grinder and
give his men funds. Harvest my rage, Commander, and show Yuri's
girly man what it means to be powerful!
尤里派出这些微不足道的偻偻 他们想要把我送进研磨装置来提供他们人资金
集中我的愤怒 指挥官 给尤里的偻偻们看看什么是着真正的威力

Flint Westwood 夫林特 西木
选择:
- I was born ready 我生来就准备好了
- Call me Harry 叫我哈雷
- Meet Smith & Wesson 见见使密斯和维生吧
- 45 in the hostess 在45号的女主人那儿
移动:
- Ready to go? 准备出发么
- Down & dirty 既倒霉又肮脏
- Magnum on the move 大块头行动中
- Runnin' the gauntlet (亦有开始挑战之意)顺夹道奔跑
- Walkin' the tightrope 沿直线行动
攻击:
- I'll blow'em a way 我会把他们解决掉
- In the line of fire 处在火力口上
- Take this advice, punk! 尝尝这玩样儿 废物
惊恐:
- It's rainin' lead 下起弹雨来了
- Deep in to deadpool here! 深陷死亡之渊
特殊:
- Don't mess with my head! 不要给我乱搅和
- Try me again, punk 在试一下 废物

Sammy Stallion 萨米 (种马)斯堆利安
选择:
- Yo! 哟
- I'm their worst nightmare 我是他们最糟的噩梦
- Ready for round one 准备来第一回合
移动:
- Yo, I'm there! 哟 我在这儿
- Fancy footwook 嗜好徒步行走
- You know it 你清楚它
- Allright, sound like a plan 好啊 听起来像个计划
攻击:
- You ain't so bad 你不那么的坏
- You want war? You got it 你需要战争 你得到它了
- You ain't nothing 你并非一文不值
- You're the disease I'm the cure 你是疾病 而我是良方
惊恐:
- They've hittin' pretty hard 它们使我伤得很重
- This ain't looking so good 看起来并不好
- Hey yo, how 'bout some help here? 嘿 能否在这援助一下
特殊:
- Yo, you can't scramble my brains 哟 你不能控制我的大脑
- Yo, nice try! 哟 好身手
- I ain't even got a headache 我甚至连头痛都没有
- Yo, my mom hits harder then that! 哟 我妈妈打得比那还狠
- I got a hard head 我的头很硬朗
- Yo, thanks for getting me out Commander! 哟 感谢您救我出来 指挥官

Secret Service 特工
选择:
- I'll take the bullet 我愿(承担)被挨子弹(的风险)
- Agent in the field 特工在区域中
- Secret service here 特工在这儿
- Need an escort? 需要保镖么
- Assignment sir? 什么任务 长官
- What's your clearance level? 您通行证是什么等级
移动:
- Securing the erea 确保该区域安全
- Scanning perimeter 审察界线(的范围)
- Right away sir 立刻行动 长官
- Assignment recieved 收到任务
惊恐:
- He's doesn't belong here 他不应(出现)在这里
- He's a threat 他会构成威胁
- No witnesses 无人(在场)目击
- Executing assignment 执行任务

2. the way 后面是加which 还是that为什么

the way作先行词时，后面可以用which或that，或者省略，参考下面三个bbc的网页
www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext/Campbell22.9.96.html (the way which)
www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/david_3.shtml (the way that)
www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/dna/606/A33088584 (the way he helped do at Ferrari)

3. 英语听不清楚

楼主可能说的是---只是可能

星际争霸里的 人族的大型战舰 不过这个不是船 是飞船

刚建造完成 你选中它 他就说

Battlecruiser operational. 战斗巡洋舰待命中

读音是：白头可入泽儿，奥破瑞伸耨

个人推断而已 楼主参考下

这里比较全 楼主可以参考下

http://..com/question/86045267.html?si=2

4. 薛定谔为什么翻译作薛定谔

晕是薛定谔的猫

薛定谔的猫
物理学 周飞 王玲丽
猫的诞生
薛定谔对量子力学的"哥本哈根解释"经常提出质疑. 1935 年.薛定谔对量子力学哥本哈根学派提出了又一次挑战.他设想一种理想实验:
"一只猫关在一个钢盒内,盒中有下述极残忍的装置(必须保证此装置不受猫的直接干扰):在盖革计数器中有一小块辐射物质,它非常小,或许在1 小时内只有一个原子衰变.在相同的几率下或许没有一个原子衰变.如果发生衰变,计数管便放电,并通过继电器释放一锤,击碎 一个小的氢氰酸瓶.如果人们使这整个系统自己存在1 个小时, 那么人们会说,如果在期间没有原子衰变,这猫就是活的.而第一次原子衰变必定会毒杀了猫."
猫的照片
我们心中的猫
根据量子力学,盒内整个系统处于两种态的叠加
之中,其中第一分量意味着死猫与原子嬗变态|e>的关联;第二分量意味着活猫与原子稳态|g>的关联.这样的关联状态就是所谓的量子纠缠态.
我们看猫
那么,在这个箱子里的猫究竟是死的还是活的呢 按照以玻尔为代表的哥本哈根学派的解释,放射性原子的衰变可以用波函数来描述.在没有打开箱子时,放射性原子进入了衰变与不衰变的迭加态,这时猫就成了一只处于迭加态的猫,即一只又死又活,半死半活的猫.只有当实验者打开箱子的时候,波函数突然"坍缩",我们才能知道猫的确定态:死,或者活.
然而,猫却不这样认为
是死是活,
我心里明白
理论上讲, 猫自己还是知道自己是活还是死的.
但根据量子测量假说,处在这种怪态上,猫的生死是打开盒子前的"客观存在",但又决定于打开盒子后的"观察".看上去这个推论是不合理的,因而称之为"薛定谔猫佯谬".
如果盒子还有一个人,猫的生死他是知道的,他是否会得到与盒外观察者一样的结果呢
多宇宙解释
当你掷骰子,它看起会随机得到一个特定的结果.然而量子力学指出,那一瞬间你实际上掷出了每一个状态,骰子在不同的宇宙
中停在不同的点数.其中一个宇宙里,你掷出了1,另一个宇宙里你掷出了2…….然而我们仅能看到全部真实的一小部分--其中一个宇宙.
多宇宙解释中的猫
多宇宙认为猫并未叠加,而是"分裂"成了两只,一死一活,必定有一只活猫!只不过它们存在于两个平行的世界中.
多宇宙理论中的问题——量子永生
现在假如有一位勇于为科学献身的仁人义士,他自告奋勇地去代替那只倒霉的猫.根据多宇宙,必定有一个你看到瓶子碎掉,另一个你在另一个世界里看到瓶子仍然完整.但问题是,看到瓶碎的那位随即就死掉了,什么感觉都没有了,这个世界对"你"来说就已经没有意义了.对你来说,唯一有意义的世界就是你活着的那个世界.
所以,从人择原理的角度上来讲,对你唯一有意义的"存在"就是那些你活着的世界.你永远只会看到瓶子完好无损而继续活着!因为多宇宙和哥本哈根不同,永远都会有一个你活在某个世界!
如果多宇宙理论是正确的,那么我们得到的推论是:一旦一个"意识"开始存在,从它自身的角度来看,它就必定永生!
寻找新的解释
既然量子论是正确的,那么叠加性必然是一种普遍现象.可是,为什么火星有着一条确定的轨道,而不是从轨道上向外散开去呢
自然,答案在哥本哈根派的锦囊中是唾手可得:火星之所以不散开去,是因为有人在"观察"它,或者说有人在看着它.每看一次,它的波函数就坍缩了.但无论费米还是盖尔曼,都觉得这个答案太无聊和愚蠢,必定有一种更好的解释.
新的解释——量子退相干
现在除非存在某种机制,破坏猫的内部状态或死猫和活猫(波包内部或波包之间)的相干叠加,"薛定谔猫佯谬"和宏观物体空间局域化问题在逻辑和常识上才能得到自恰的解决.
目前,可以用量子纠缠诱导量子退相干的观点,对薛定谔猫徉谬和宏观物体的空间定域化问题给出可能的物理解答.
量子退相干
定性地说,一方面,组成宏观物体的内部微观粒子的个体无规运动,以及宏观物体所处的环境的随机运动,会与宏观物体的集体自由度耦合纠缠起来,产生对集体自由度的广义量子测量.随着环境的自由度或组成宏观物体的粒子数增多,与之相互作用的量子系统会出现量子退相干,使得量子相干叠加名存实亡.由此看来,"薛定谔猫佯谬"和宏观物体的空间定域化问题有可能起因于对问题的不恰当地表述.
量子退相干
量子测量会引起量子退相干
现在可以设想,环境的作用和宏观物体的内部的影响,相当于对集体自由度进行有效的量子测量,形成环境的或宏观物体的内部与系统间的纠缠态.从这一角度,Wigner 及 Joos 和 Zeh 讨论了解决薛定谔猫徉谬和宏观物体的空间定域化问题的可能性:环境粒子与宏观物体散射会形成宏观物体和散射粒子(真空光子,空气的原子分子)之间的量子纠缠态,从而环境粒子能够记录宏观物体的"which-way"信息.特别是,依据Omnes "内部环境"的观念,我们因子化理论的分析不限于环境诱导量子退相干,可以包括组成宏观物体的微观粒子的个体无规运动引起量子退相干的分析.这就强调了,即使把宏观物体与其环境完全隔离开,量子退相干也会发生.
用退相干理论去理解猫
谈到的宏观物体-"猫"的"死"和"活"是代表猫两种集体状态(或两个宏观可区别的波包),如质心自由度所处的状态.由于宏观物体由大量微观粒子组成,其组成的部分的运动不是严格地协调一致.在这种情况下,必须考虑众多内部自由度对集体态的影响. 这种影响与集体状态形成理想的量子纠缠,"平均掉"内部自由度的影响,宏观物体的相干叠加性就会被破坏了:死猫与原子嬗变态|e>的关联和活猫与原子稳态|g>的关联是经典的.
猫儿的处境快清楚了
这是一个客观的概率性事件,并不依赖人们去观察什么.这与量子纠缠态 描述的概率性事件有本质的不同,因为后者依赖于人们去观察什么.(可以观测 |e> 或 |g>,也可以观测|e> 和 |g> 的相干叠加,二者会给出不同的关联).因此,虽然形式地写出了死态与活态的相干叠加,但在严格的意义下,只要谈到通常的"宏观物体",其相干性是不存在的.
猫的"死"和"活"是不相干的
由于薛定谔猫是一个宏观物体,它具有非常大的状态空间和特别密集的能谱.例如,我们假设"猫"是由N 个二能级原子组成;每个粒子的基态能量为0,而激发态的能量为 E,则猫的总能量必处于0 和 NE 之间,而可能存在的不同状态总数为2N,则平均能量间隔为NE/2N .因此,当N 很大时,能量间隔趋近于零.由于能级间隔很小,内部状态既便经历了一个很小的扰动,也很容易跃迁到不同的状态上.就是说,集体自由度在不同的状态上会对不同的内部状态产生不同的影响.上述不稳定性会导致与"死"和"活"关联的内部状态不一样.事实上,由于内态包含了很多分量,只要其中一个正交,便出现了量子退相干.
实验中的"薛定谔猫"
以上的讨论只是表明在通常的情况下,由于各种量子退相干的原因,象"猫"这样的宏观物体不会稳定地处于一个相干叠加态上.但是,在极特殊的情况下宏观量子态还是可能存在的.这种情况有二:
如果组成宏观物体的内部分量能"协调一致",存在 某种相位匹配,则有可能形成宏观量子态.这方面一个典型的例子是超导和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC).
如果组成宏观物体的内部分量相对固定,宏观物体的内部自由度不被与集体自由度的耦合所激发.Zeilinger 研究小组C60 分子的量子干涉实验便属于这种情况.
结束语
"薛定谔猫"是被作为质疑量子力学的极端例子提出来的,但围绕着它一系列量子力学基本问题的研究,其寓意是十分深刻的.一方面,薛定谔猫为我们提供了从量子力学过渡到经典力学的范例,使人们充分领略到退相干过程的基本物理含义,并寻求比量子力学更基本的底层理论;另一方面,由于人们能够在特殊的条件下,制备出各种各样薛定谔猫态,使得量子力学适用的领域,从微观直接延伸到宏观,其进一步应用有可能发现新的,更宜于实际实现的量子信息载体.

5. 求一篇有关网络虚拟实验室的中英文文献，要中英

论文中英对照，可能有错误，但应该不会很多。

随着计算机、网络技术的不断发展，网络虚拟实验室得到越来越多的应用。 With the computer, the continuous development of network technology, network virtual laboratory to be more and more applications. 介绍了虚拟实验室的基本特点及其体系结构，实现虚拟实验室的四种关键技术： Java、ActiveX、VRML、ASP，最后探讨了虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题。 Introced the basic characteristics of virtual laboratory and its architecture, the realization of virtual laboratory four key technologies: Java, ActiveX, VRML, ASP, the last of the development process of virtual laboratory should pay attention to several problems. 关键词虚拟实验室远程教育现代教育技术迅速崛起的现代教育技术把虚拟实验引入到了实验教学中。 Key words virtual laboratory of modern ecational technology distance ecation the rapid rise of the modern ecational technology into the virtual experiment experimental teaching. 虚拟实验的应用改变了传统的教育模式，使得教与学方式发生了革命性的变化。 Application of virtual experiment to change the traditional mode of ecation and teaching and learning approach makes revolutionary change took place. 目前，用于实验教学的计算机虚拟实验软件非常丰富，加上高校计算机及网络资源，为虚拟实验的开设提供了必要的基础条件。 At present, for the experimental teaching of computer software, rich virtual experiment, together with the Universities computer and network resources for the creation of virtual experiments to provide the necessary basic conditions. 通过网络虚拟实验室，能够通过计算机在网络中模拟一些实验现象，它不仅仅能够提高实验教学效果，更加重要的是对一些缺乏实验条件的学生，通过网络同样能够身临其境地观察实验现象，甚至和异地的学生合作进行实验。 Through the network of virtual labs, through computer simulation in the network a number of experimental phenomena, it is not only to improve the effectiveness of experimental teaching, and more importantly, the lack of experimental conditions on some of the students, through the network to feel the same experimental phenomena observed, students in different places and even co-operation and carry out such experiments. 1 网络虚拟实验室的发展及其特点网络虚拟实验就是在WEB中创建出一个可视化的环境，其中每一个可视化的物体代表一种实验对象。 1 of the development of virtual laboratory network and the characteristics of the network is in the WEB virtual experiment to create a visual environment, a visualization of each of these objects on behalf of an experimental object. 通过鼠标的点击以及拖曳操作，用户可以进行虚拟的实验。 Through mouse clicks and drag and drop operation, users can conct virtual experiments. 网络虚拟实验实现的基础是多媒体计算机技术与网络技术的结合。 Network virtual experiment is based on the realization of multi-media computer technology and network technology. 无论是学生还是教师，都可以自由地、无顾虑地随时进入虚拟实验室操作仪器，进行各种实验。 Whether students or teachers, are free and without hesitation to operate at any time to enter the virtual laboratory apparatus, to carry out various experiments. 为实验类课程的教学改革及远程教育提供了条件和技术支持。 Experimental curriculum reform and teaching conditions for the provision of distance ecation and technical support. 许多国内外从事实验室工作的研究者们在实践中还提出这样一些概念：Digital Lab、MBL（Micro-computer Based Lab），尽管这些名词不统一，但他们的实践从不同的层面实现了虚拟实验室。 Many at home and abroad to engage in laboratory work in practice, the researchers also proposed the concept of such: Digital Lab, MBL (Micro-computer Based Lab), although these terms are not uniform, but they practice at different levels from a virtual experiment Room. 1．1 印地安那州立大学的MBL化学实验室该实验室在给新生开化学实验课时用计算机来辅助做这样一些事，用计算机采集与分析实验数据，用计算机展示实验，在网上发布相关的实验指导材料。 1.1 of the Indiana State University chemical laboratory of the MBL laboratory chemistry experiments to open new classes to help with the computer do something with computer acquisition and analysis of experimental data, using computer experiments show that in the relevant online Experimental guidance material. 1.2 芝加哥伊利诺伊大学数字化有机化学实验室该实验室充分利用网络资源，在网上提供了一系列的实验教学指导：在线实验教材；实验教学时间表；实验测评方法、形式、时间；虚拟实验；相关教学资源的链接等。 1.2 University of Illinois at Chicago, the number of the laboratory of organic chemistry lab full use of network resources, the Internet has provided a series of experimental teaching guide: online experimental materials; experimental teaching timetable; experimental evaluation of methods, forms, time; virtual experiments; related to teaching Links and other resources. 他们还用计算机进行实验教学的教务管理。 They also experiment with computer teaching ecational administration. 1.3 卡罗莱纳州立大学的LAAP（Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics）他们利用Java技术建立了基于Web的探索式虚拟物理实验室，主要有以下几个模块：基于Java Applet的虚拟实验设备和实验设施；相关的实验课程模块；实验学习结果评价模块；协作学习模块。 1.3 Carolina State University LAAP (Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics) using Java technology to build Web-based virtual physics laboratory to explore, mainly in the following moles: Java Applet based virtual laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities; related An experimental course mole; experimental study and the results of the evaluation mole; collaborative learning mole. 虚拟实验室最大的优点是成本低，效率高。 Virtual Laboratory biggest advantage is low cost, high efficiency. 因为“软件即为仪器”，这样就可解决因实验经费不足或高档次、高价位设备缺乏所不能开出的实物实验，同时也不会造成因使用不当，管理不善等因素造成的仪器损坏、元器件丢失等现象。 Because "software is the instrument," and this could be the lack of funds resulting from the experimental or high-grade, high-priced equipment can not be opened by the lack of physical experiments, but also will not lead to a result of improper use caused by such factors as poor management of equipment damage, missing components and so on. 同时虚拟实验还可以模拟实验室中没有的设备，而且还可以不受时空的限制方便地进行实验。 At the same time, virtual experiments can not simulate the laboratory equipment, but also can be exempted from the restrictions of time and space to easily carry out such experiments. 另外，虚拟实验室还应具备一些基本特征：与现实的一致性（或现实的延伸）、高度交互性、实时的信息反馈。 In addition, the virtual laboratory should also have some basic features: the coherence and reality (or an extension of reality), highly interactive, real-time feedback. 2 网络虚拟实验室体系结构网络虚拟实验室应是一个集虚拟实验教学管理系统、实验课教学指导系统，网络实验仿真等为一体的功能强大的网上运行系统。 2 Network architecture of Virtual Laboratory Virtual Laboratory should be a set of virtual experiment management system for teaching, laboratory teaching guidance systems, network simulation and so on into a powerful operating system online. 各部分之间相互联系相互补充，仅具有相对独立性。 Interlinkages between the various parts of each other, only with relative independence. 开发虚拟环境，实现实验仿真应是虚拟实验室建设的核心部分。 The development of a virtual environment, the realization of experimental simulation is a virtual laboratory should be the core of the building. 图1是虚拟实验室体系结构图。 Figure 1 is a virtual laboratory system structure. 3 构建网络虚拟实验室的关键技术目前国内的虚拟实验室研究还处于萌芽阶段，国外已经有很多大学进行了这方面的研究。 3 build a network of key technology of virtual laboratory virtual current laboratory research is still in its infancy, many universities abroad have carried out studies in this area. 总结他们所使用的技术，可以看出大多可以划分下面几类： 3.1 Java技术Java是一个广泛使用的网络编程语言，它是一种新的计算概念。 Summing up their use of technology, we can see that the majority can be divided into the following categories: 3.1 Java technology is a widely used Java web programming language, it is a new computing concept. 首先，作为一种程序设计语言，它简单、不依赖于机器的结构、具有可移植性、安全性、并且提供了并发的机制、具有很高的性能。 First of all, as a programming language, it is simple, is not dependent on the structure of the machine with portability, security, and provides a mechanism for concurrency, high performance. 其次，它最大限度地利用了网络，Java的小应用程序（applet）可在网络上运行而不受CPU和环境的限制。 Secondly, to maximize the use of its network, Java applets for (applet) can be run on the network without restrictions on CPU and the environment. 另外，Java还提供了丰富的类库，使程序设计者可以很方便地建立自己的系统，这一点对于构建网上虚拟实验室系统来说也是非常关键的。 In addition, Java also provides a rich class library, so that process designers can easily build their own systems, this point for building a virtual laboratory system is also very crucial. 3.2 ActiveX控件ActiveX技术允许不同软件开发的组件在网络上可以互相进行操作。 3.2 ActiveX Controls ActiveX technology allows different software components on the network can operate with each other. Ac?鄄tiveX使用了微软的组件对象技术使得本地的组件可以和网络上的组件进行通信，使用ActiveX开发的另一个好处在于它的代码复用性，也就是说在虚拟实验室的开发过程中，一个实验仪器可以在多个实验环境中重复使用，这一点对于持续开发过程尤为重要。 Ac? Juan tiveX use of Microsoft's Component Object technology enables local and network components can be components of the communication, the development of the use of ActiveX Another advantage is that it is code reuse, that is to say in a virtual laboratory development process, an experimental device which can be the environment in a number of experiments re-use, this is particularly important in the process of sustainable development. 这种技术使得一个大的工程项目可以划分成小块的组件，也就相当于把复杂工程简单为一个个组成部分，完成了每个组成部分之后集成起来就可以得到最终的项目。 This technology enables a large project can be divided into small components, it is equivalent to the complexity of the project as a simple component, was completed after each component can be integrated into the final project. 可以开发ActiveX组件的环境有很多，其中开发效率最高和最易上手的是Visual Ba?鄄sic。 ActiveX components can be developed a lot of environment in which to develop the most efficient and most易上手is Visual Ba? Juan sic. 3.3 VRML技术VRML是虚拟实境描述模型语言(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) 的简称。 3.3 VRML technology is VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) the short title. 它是描述虚拟环境中场景的一种标准，也是在网上实现虚拟现实的关键性技术。 It is described in a virtual environment of a standard scene, but also the Internet to achieve the key technologies of virtual reality. VRML的基本特征包括分布式、交互式、平台无关、三维、多媒体集成、逼真自然等，被成为“第二代WEB”，已经被越来越多的人们所重视。 The basic feature of VRML, including distributed, interactive, platform-independent, three-dimensional, multi-media integration, life-like nature, was a "second-generation WEB", has been more and more people paying attention to. 国际标准化组织1998年1月正式将其批准为国际标准。 International Organization for Standardization in January 1998 officially approved as international standards. VRML是一种建模语言，其基本目标是建立Internet上的交互式三维多媒体，也就是说，它是用来描述三维物体及其行为的，可以构建虚拟境界。 VRML is a modeling language, its basic goal is to establish a three-dimensional Internet, interactive multimedia, in other words, it is used to describe the three-dimensional objects and their behavior, you can build a virtual realm. 用VRML实现与Internet虚拟现实交互有下面几个好处：丰富了媒体表现形式、协同工作角色的可视化管理、改善了协同环境的用户界面、增强了协同环境的交互性。 With the Internet using VRML interactive virtual reality has the following advantages: rich media manifestations, the role of the visual work of management, to improve the collaborative environment of the user interface, enhanced interactive collaborative environment. 可见，将VRML融合到网上虚拟实验室的开发过程中，既可以增强表现力和用户的接受力，又可以实现较好的协同工作虚拟化环境。 Can be seen that the VRML into the development of online virtual laboratory process, can enhance performance and user acceptance, but also work together to achieve a better virtual environment. 3.4 ASP技术ASP（Active Server Pages，动态服务器端网页），内含在Internet Information Server 3.0及其以上版本中，提供一个服务器端的脚本环境，用于产生和执行动态、高效率的网络服务器应用程序。 3.4 ASP technology ASP (Active Server Pages, Dynamic server-side page), including in the Internet Information Server 3.0 and above versions, to provide a server-side scripting environment for the generation and implementation of dynamic and efficient web server applications. ASP不只是动态的网页，它更是当今众多的Web应用程序实作方式之一，它负责整个Web应用程序的控制部分。 ASP pages not only dynamic, it is today a large number of Web applications is one of the ways to make, which is responsible for the entire Web application control part. ASP提供五个内建的对象供使用者调用，即Re?鄄quest对象（取得用户信息）、Response对象（传送信息给用户）、Server对象（提供访问服务器的方法、属性）、Application对象（用于多个使用者在多个网页间共享信息）和Session对象（用于单个使用者在多个网页间共享信息）。 ASP provides a total of five built-in objects for users to call, that is, Re? Juan quest object (to obtain user information), Response object (to send information to the user), Server object (the server to provide access methods, properties), Application object (with in a variety of users to share information between multiple pages) and the Session object (for indivial users to share information between multiple pages). 4 网络虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题计算机软件技术发展到今天，为虚拟实验室开发提供了极大的方便。 4 virtual laboratory network development process should pay attention to several issues of the development of computer software technology to today, for the development of virtual laboratory provides great convenience. 目前开发所需的系统软件或工具均支持面向对象的程序设计。 At present, the development of the necessary system software or tools to support object-oriented programming. 它们都有事件驱动的支持，消息循环的程序设计方法及多媒体操作技术。 They have the support of event-driven news cycle of programming and multimedia skills. 在开发过程当中要注意以下几个问题：事件触发时机的选择，实际操作当中某个按钮按下后并不立即反映，需要延时回应，外部接口的输入信号或其它信息往往是定时触发或随机触发的事件，若为随机触发的事件则可用一定时限内的随机数来取代固定时间。 In the development process should pay attention to the following questions: Event trigger timing, the actual operation of them after a button press does not immediately reflect the need to delay response to the external interface of the input signal or other information from time to time is often triggered or random trigger events, if the random trigger events are available for a certain period of time the random number to replace the fixed time. 事件联锁关系或动态顺序关系可以存放在一张数据库表中描述，修改方便。 Interlocking relationship between events or dynamic order can be stored in a database table is described, modify convenience. 给定相应的条件、控制范围，自动形成数据表，使数据和程序独立。 Given the appropriate conditions, control, data tables automatically, so that an independent data and programs. 模拟声音，要使实验达到逼真，除了模拟控制台实物景象，还要模拟它们实验环境中的各种声音，如汽笛声、按钮按动声、内部机械动作声等。 Analog voice, to achieve the realistic experiment, in addition to the physical simulation of the console scene, but also simulation of their experimental sounds in the environment, such as the whistle sound, the sound button pressed, the internal mechanical action, such as sound. 这样，才能使学生在实验室有身临其境的感觉，全身心地投入学习。 In this way can help students in the laboratory are immersive feeling, to fully participate in the study. 模拟台面各种动作的结果，台面上每个控件的动作都会触发一定的事件。 Simulation results of the table a variety of movements, control the movements of each table will trigger a certain event. 这些事件在实物设备中是靠机械、电子电路等去完成，而现在将这些机械及电子逻辑关系使用计算机软件实现。 These events in the physical devices by mechanical, electronic circuits, such as to complete, and now to the relationship between mechanical and electronic logic using computer software. 故障发生器，在实际工作中除了设备正常情况下的操作，还有各种意外情况，如某些设备故障的情况。 Fault generator, in practical work in addition to equipment operation under normal circumstances, there are a variety of unforeseen circumstances, such as the failure of some equipment. 此时，要求在虚拟系统中也能模拟手柄失灵、仪表信号不显示及自然灾害发生的情况等，即给实验增加一些难度，强化学生实际操作能力。 At this point, the request in a virtual simulation system can also handle failures, instrument signals and do not show the case of natural disasters and so on, that is, to increase the difficulty of the experiment, the actual operation to strengthen the capacity of students. 5 结束语虚拟实验技术在实验教学中具有广阔的应用、发展前景，随着虚拟实验的普及，其优越性会被越来越多的人认识。 5 Conclusion virtual experiment in teaching experiments have broad applications, development prospects, with the popularity of virtual experiments, and its advantages will be more and more people are aware of. 但要使虚拟实验技术真正得到推广应用，关键还是观念的改变，首先是教师观念的改变，除了具有创新精神和能力外，还应有一个科学的投资理念，在实验室建设和发展中，充分考虑投资效益，建设现代化的实验室。 But for the virtual experiment really promote the use of technology, the key is to change the concept, first of all, the concept of change in teachers, in addition to the spirit of innovation and capacity, there should be a scientific concept of investment, construction and development in the laboratory, the full consider the investment returns and building a modern laboratory. 其次要培养一支高素质的实验队伍，不断地进行知识更新，加强学习，重视信息的收集、加工、应用，了解掌握最新技术，促进实验教学发展。 Second, we must cultivate a high-quality experimental team, continually update their knowledge to enhance learning, importance of information collection, processing, application, understand the latest technology, and promote the development of experimental teaching. 虚拟实验的应用和发展，加快了实验室发展和实验教学改革，促进了教育观念的改变。 Application of the virtual experiment and development, to accelerate the development and experimental laboratory teaching reform, the promotion of ecation to change attitudes. 是培养创新人才的新的实验手段。 Is to train innovative talents of the new experimental tools. 虚拟实验在21世纪实验教学中必将占有重要地位，无疑会起到很大的作用。 Virtual experiment experimental teaching in the 21st century will certainly occupy an important position, will undoubtedly play a significant role.

6. 红警游戏语音

我只有红警尤里复仇的语音。你看看吧。红警原版找不到了。特殊：
Freed Slave 获释的奴隶
-----------
选择:
- What can I do? 我能做点什么
- Will work for fool! 去为傻瓜工作吧
- Liberty is sweet 自由真甜美
- How can I help? 我能帮忙么
移动:
- Sure! 好啊
- Ohh-de-doo-de-doo
- Do I still need this shovel? 我还要这把铁锹么
- Hm Okay! 嗯 好的
攻击:
- Payback time! 偿还的时间到了
- Got my shovel right here! 来吃我一铁锹吧
- They pushed me too far! 他们逼迫我太深了
- Charge! (我要)赊帐
- Swing away (用锹)挥掉
惊恐:
- Ouch! 哎哟
- Hey, quit it! 嘿 停下
- That's not fair! 真不公平啊
- You bully! 你这欺凌弱小者

Premier Romanov 若曼诺夫总理
---------------
选择:
- I'm Premier you know 我是总理 你知道
- I have legacy to consider! 我有(斯大林的)遗愿要思考
- Which way, comrade? 走哪条路 同志
- Guide me to safety 把我领向平安
移动:
- I will consider it 我会考虑的
- At my own pace 照着我自己的步伐走
- On to victory 针对胜利
- For Soviet glory 为苏维埃的荣誉
- These boots are too tight 这双靴子太紧了
惊恐:
- How dare you? 你怎么敢(这样)
- I'll get you for that 我要为那处置你
- Oh mother Russia 哦 苏俄母亲
- Save me! 救我
特殊:
- uuuh... Y-Yuri is calling me... 呃 尤里在召唤我
- These are plans for Iron Curtain. Use on our Demolotion Trucks
to make ultimate weapon of destruction!
这些是铁幕装置的设计图 把它使用在我们的自爆卡车上 成为终极的毁灭武器
- I... am in Yuri's base... Help me Comrade General... 我 在尤里的基地内 帮助我 指挥官同志
- Get me to airport! 送我前去机场

Professor Einstein 爱因斯坦教授
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选择:
- Here I am 我在这儿
- I have this theory 我懂这项理论
- Don't rush me, I am thinking 不要催我 我在思考
- Ja (德)是
移动:
- Ah, I see 啊 我明白
- Oh, ja! 哦 是
- Wonderful! 太棒了
- I understand 我知道
- A to B A至B
惊恐:
- Back to the lab! 快回实验室
- I'm dying for science 我要为科学献身了
- This was not smart 这不聪明
- Whos idea was this? 谁出的主意
特殊:
- Isn't anyone coming to save me? 有人来救我么
- Finally, it's about time 终于来了 还及时

Arnnie Frankenfurter 阿尔尼 弗兰肯弗特
--------------------
选择:
- Your orders, give them to me 您的命令 传达给我
- I'm pumped up 我准备行动
- Find me something to terminate 给我些东西来报销
- I'm ready to rumble 我正好想打架
移动:
- Nice night full of walk 多么美的夜晚 多散散步
- Aaa
攻击:
- You're terminated! 你被消灭了
- You've been erased 你不存在了
- Let me pump you up 让我干掉你
- It's judgement day 现在是审判的那天
- Take these, girly man 来尝尝这个 娘娘腔
惊恐:
- We got company 我们有同伴了
- Things are not good here 这儿一切都不好
- We are under attack 我们正遭受袭击
- More predators 如此多的掠夺者
- Gwah!
特殊:
- You can't control me 你不能控制我
- I still have total recall 我依然拥有全部的记忆
- My mind is my own 我思想属于我自己
- Yuri sent these puny weaklings to feed me to his Grinder and
give his men funds. Harvest my rage, Commander, and show Yuri's girly man what it means to be powerful!

•
2楼
尤里派出这些微不足道的偻偻 他们想要把我送进研磨装置来提供他们人资金集中我的愤怒 指挥官 给尤里的偻偻们看看什么是着真正的威力

Flint Westwood 夫林特 西木
--------------
选择:
- I was born ready 我生来就准备好了
- Call me Harry 叫我哈雷
- Meet Smith & Wesson 见见使密斯和维生吧
- 45 in the hostess 在45号的女主人那儿
移动:
- Ready to go? 准备出发么
- Down & dirty 既倒霉又肮脏
- Magnum on the move 大块头行动中
- Runnin' the gauntlet (亦有开始挑战之意)顺夹道奔跑
- Walkin' the tightrope 沿直线行动
攻击:
- I'll blow'em a way 我会把他们解决掉
- In the line of fire 处在火力口上
- Take this advice, punk! 尝尝这玩样儿 废物
惊恐:
- It's rainin' lead 下起弹雨来了
- Deep in to deadpool here! 深陷死亡之渊
特殊:
- Don't mess with my head! 不要给我乱搅和
- Try me again, punk 在试一下 废物

Sammy Stallion 萨米 (种马)斯堆利安
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选择:
- Yo! 哟
- I'm their worst nightmare 我是他们最糟的噩梦
- Ready for round one 准备来第一回合
移动:
- Yo, I'm there! 哟 我在这儿
- Fancy footwook 嗜好徒步行走
- You know it 你清楚它
- Allright, sound like a plan 好啊 听起来像个计划
攻击:
- You ain't so bad 你不那么的坏
- You want war? You got it 你需要战争 你得到它了
- You ain't nothing 你并非一文不值
- You're the disease I'm the cure 你是疾病 而我是良方
惊恐:
- They've hittin' pretty hard 它们使我伤得很重
- This ain't looking so good 看起来并不好
- Hey yo, how 'bout some help here? 嘿 能否在这援助一下
特殊:
- Yo, you can't scramble my brains 哟 你不能控制我的大脑
- Yo, nice try! 哟 好身手
- I ain't even got a headache 我甚至连头痛都没有
- Yo, my mom hits harder then that! 哟 我妈妈打得比那还狠
- I got a hard head 我的头很硬朗
- Yo, thanks for getting me out Commander! 哟 感谢您救我出来 指挥官

Secret Service 特工
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选择:
- I'll take the bullet 我愿(承担)被挨子弹(的风险)
- Agent in the field 特工在区域中
- Secret service here 特工在这儿
- Need an escort? 需要保镖么
- Assignment sir? 什么任务 长官
- What's your clearance level? 您通行证是什么等级
移动:
- Securing the erea 确保该区域安全
- Scanning perimeter 审察界线(的范围)
- Right away sir 立刻行动 长官
- Assignment recieved 收到任务
惊恐:
- He's doesn't belong here 他不应(出现)在这里
- He's a threat 他会构成威胁
- No witnesses 无人(在场)目击
- Executing assignment 执行任务

• 2008-6-21 18:11
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• 阳啊薤露
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3楼
* Special Units 特色单位
================

Sniper 狙击手
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选择:
- Sniper ready 狙击手就绪
- Give me a target 给我一个目标
- Give me a job 给我一份任务
- Eliminate' em 除掉他们
移动:
- Proceeding to vantage point 行进至有利位置
- Just give me clear view 只要给我清晰的视野
- I love to camp 我喜爱蹲点(伏击)
- Just get me close enough 只要让我足够接近
- Settling in
攻击:
- Takin' em out 干掉他们
- He's in my scope 他在我瞄准镜中
- He's a dead man 他是死人了
惊恐:
- Run for cover! 寻找掩护
- I need support! 我需要支援
- I'm in too close! 我离得太近了

Tank Destroyer 坦克杀手
--------------
选择:
- Tank destroyer reporting 坦克杀手报到
- No armors too tough 不存在牢固的装甲
- They gotta get through me first! 他们必须先过我这关
- Not the tank I can't break 不存在我射不穿的坦克
- Deutschland's finest 德国最出色的
移动:
- Taking position 位置收到
- Advancing 行驶
- In the field (开到)那儿地方
- Moving forward 向前开动
攻击:
- Demolition Derby time 摧毁金属的时机到了
- Let's see who's tougher 让我们瞧瞧谁更坚固
- Piece by piece 以牙还牙
- Nothing left but junk 除了残骸 没有什么会留下
- You call THAT armor? 你叫那玩样儿装甲么

Black Eagle 黑鹰战机
-----------
选择:
- Aircraft reporting 飞机报到
- Standing by 准备待命
- At your service 为您效劳
- Black Eagle reporting 黑鹰战机报到
- Eagle squadron (隶属)黑鹰中队
- Korea's finest 韩国最出色的
移动:
- Command received 收到命令
- In transit 在飞行中
- Calibrating airspeed 校准行速
攻击:
- Gunner in position 炮手待命状态
- Easy target 容易的目标
- Let's take' m out 让我们消灭他们吧
坠落:
- Eject! Eject! 弹射 弹射
- Bail out! 跳伞
- We're going down 我们在坠落

Terrorist 恐怖分子
---------
"I go freely" 我自由地走着
选择:
- What are your conditions? 您有何情况
- We must revolt 我们必须反抗
- Need a smuggler? 需要志愿者么
移动:
- Vamos Muchachos! (西)让我们去吧 男孩们
- On my way 在行动中
- I go freely (暗含为自由献身之意)我自由地走着
攻击:
- Adios amigos! (西)永别了 朋友们
- Here's a hot papaya!
- For the republic! 为了共和国
- Traitors must be eliminated! 叛国贼必须被歼除
惊恐:
- Take me back to Havana! 送我回哈瓦那吧
- Aiiiih!
- I've been dicovered! 我被发现了

Desolator 辐射兵
---------
选择:
- Desolator ready 辐射兵就绪
- Ready for melt-down 准备熔化
- Mercury rising (温度计)水银柱在上升
移动:
- Find a hot spot 找一个热闹的位置
- Scorched Earth 把土地烧焦
- Spread the Doom 传播灾难吧
- There goes the neighborhood 就是那片地区了
- It'll be a silent spring 会是一场毫无征兆的爆发(关语 或是死气沉沉的春天)
攻击:
- Tagged for extinction 贴上毁灭标签
- Make it glow 让它灼热起来
- Let's heat' em up (同上)
- Here comes the sun 太阳(的照射)来了
- The end is near 末日就在眼前
- Let's make an oasis of death 让我们提供一片死亡的绿洲

Demolition Truck 自爆卡车
----------------
"My truck is loaded!" 我卡车装好了
选择:
- My truck is loaded (同上)
- Let's make a delivery 让我们实施赶死吧
- I shall avenge us! 我会替我们复仇
- Why don't you drive? 为什么你们不开
移动:
- One way trip 单程旅途
- As you wish 如您所愿
- Watch out for the bumps 当心颠簸碰撞
攻击:
- For my people! 为我的人民
- I am prepare ti die! 我志愿献身
- It will be a smoking crater 它会留下一个冒烟的弹坑
- Don't wait up for me 别再等我了
- Akkkhah!

Tesla Tank 电磁坦克
----------
选择:
- Generators humming 发生器嗡嗡作响
- Wire for destruction 充电 准备摧毁
- I have the power 我充满能量
- Reading meters 辨识仪表中
移动:
- Positively 毫无疑问
- Efficient and clean 高效 灵敏
- Maximum power 能量无限
- That sparks my curiousity 那激发了我的好奇
- Nothing wasted 杜绝浪费
攻击:
- Free hook-ups 释放接通
- No charge for extra power 无须补充额外能量
- Prepare for rolling blackout 准备经历突然停电
- Need a little boost? 需要小股高压电么

7. 定语从句中way后面什么时候加in which

当先行词是way的时候，其后的定语从句的引导词可以有三种情况：that、in which和省略不填。这是英语语法中的一个规定。

例如：I hate the way ________ Tom talks with his parents，这个题目就有三个答案，即that、in which和省略。

但是要注意的是，有很多人会错误的选择how来引导way后面的定语从句，这是错误的。究其原因是有人会习惯性地把句子翻译成为汉语，然后根据汉语的意思来选择答案。

定语的位置

定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。

一般不定代词、形容词、名词、数词、量词、形容性代词、冠词等作为前置定语，而过去分词、不定式、形容词短语、介词短语、定语从句、同位语从句等一般作为后置定语。

在英语里，一般定语前置时的次序为：限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前，我们要注意其次序。

以上内容参考网络-定语

8. as与in which way的区别

as（像......一样，按照）引导方式状语从句；in which way用哪种方法（方式），朝哪个方向。
He does his job as I told him. 他按照我说的做他的工作。
= He does his job in the way （that, in which） I told him.
（In ）Which way did he go just now? 他刚才朝哪个方向（哪条路）走了?
In which way did he do the experiment?他是用哪种方式（方法）做这个实验的？

9. 求中英文对照的文章-GPS 或 航位推算 或 地图匹配

三篇论文造就的未来科技
- 相对论不只是抽象的理论，还可以被用来制造微晶片。工程师从爱因斯坦的想法中，持续做出各种创新的工具。

作者╱吉布斯 ( W. Wayt Gibbs )
译者╱林世昀

ATOMIC SPIN-OFFS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
- A new generation of technologies aims to put Einstein's theories to work in computers, hospitals—even submarines

By W. Wayt Gibbs

1905年，爱因斯坦26岁，正为了完成他探讨分子大小的博士论文而奋斗。为了维持家计，他在瑞士专利局工作，专门分析其他人的发明。或许你会想，由於日常工作的启发，爱因斯坦应该会想办法把余暇时所发展的理论，做成实际的应用。可惜，在他发表他那非凡的研究生涯中最著名的五篇论文那一年，几乎看不到他有这种倾向。不过他对物质、能量和时间所主张的新看法，终究还是启发了新型机器的发明，促进了人类的工业和医疗技术。
其实爱因斯坦也不是蔑视工程学，只是工程并非他的强项而已：他自己的发明，包括不含机械式运动零件的冰箱，以及防漏帮浦，从来没有进入量产阶段。不过没有关系，经过整个20世纪，其他人基於爱因斯坦的革命性想法，也建立了许多令人印象深刻的技术，其中最有名的想法，就是光以波包的形式传播，所有的光子总是遵守同一个速限c，而且能量和物质可以相互转换，以数学语言来表示，就是E = mc2（见36页〈天天遇见爱因斯坦〉）。
到了21世纪，工程师开始用新的方式来开发那些著名原理的用途，其中或以完全创新的电脑最值得一提。他们也在为一些爱因斯坦较不为人知的理论寻找实际应用。比如说，奈米技术专家正在制作一种装置，这个装置利用分子的随机运动，来加速DNA的分析；而分子随机运动的正确解释，就是1905年由爱因斯坦首先提出的。世界上还有许多实验室，正在创造爱因斯坦於1925年的经典思考实验中所预见的各种物质特殊状态。这些同调的极冷原子群聚，是类似雷射光的物质，可以用在可携式原子钟、航行用的超精确陀螺仪，以及描绘矿脉和油田的重力感测器上。
本文将检视三种由研究实验室中脱颖而出、最新也最令人兴奋的爱因斯坦副产品；当然更多这类的创新发明，在未来的几年到几十年间，也将源源不绝而来。虽然距离这位物理大师著手发展更好的数学工具来描述宇宙的那天，已经将近一个世纪了，聪明的发明家运用爱因斯坦的理论来制作巧妙的装置，却还方兴未艾。
In 1905 Albert Einstein was 26 and struggling to finish his doctoral dissertation on the size of molecules. To pay the bills, he worked at the Swiss patent office, analyzing the inventions of others. You would think his day job would have inspired Einstein to contemplate practical uses for the theories he was developing in his spare time. Yet he showed little inkling that year, as he published five of the most remarkable papers of his extraordinary career, that the new views of matter, energy and time he was urging would eventually inspire novel kinds of machines to advance human instry and health.
It isn't that Einstein disdained engineering. It just wasn't his strong suit: his own inventions, including a refrigerator with no mechanical moving parts and a leak-proof pump, never advanced to mass proction. No matter; over the course of the 20th century, others built an impressive range of technologies [see “Everyday Einstein,” by Philip Yam, on page 50] on Einstein's radical notions that light comes in indivial packets, that those photons always obey a universal speed limit c, and that energy and matter can be interconverted: E = mc2, in mathematical shorthand.
In the 21st century, engineers have begun to exploit those famous principles in new ways, perhaps most notably in designs for radically innovative computers. They are also finding practical applications for some of Einstein's lesser-known theories. Nanotechnologists, for example, are making devices that could speed up DNA analysis by harnessing the random motion of molecules, a phenomenon first correctly explained by Einstein in 1905. And laboratories around the world are creating exotic forms of matter that Einstein envisioned in 1925 in one of his classic “thought experiments.” These coherent swarms of ultracold atoms—the matter cousins to laser beams—could find use in portable atomic clocks, superprecise gyroscopes for navigation, and gravity sensors for mapping mineral lodes and oil fields.
This article examines three of the newest and most exciting Einsteinian spin-offs emerging from research labs; more such innovations will certainly follow in the years and decades to come. Although nearly a century has passed since the master physicist began fashioning better mathematical tools to describe the universe, there seems no end to the useful gadgets that clever inventors can make with them.

相对论与自旋 Taking Relativity for a Spin
1905年，爱因斯坦研究狭义相对论时所用的唯一一部计算机，就是装在他脑袋里的那部。在许多方面，那部生化机器要比任何电子计算机厉害得多了。当然，至今还没有任何半导体微处理器，可以和人脑的密度与能源效率相提并论：人脑大约有一公斤重，其中有1000兆个处理单元，可是使用的功率和产生的热量，却比Pentium 4微处理器还要小。
的确，对半导体工业来说，在追求以同样的单位成本制造更高效能微晶片的路途上，热与能源消耗是当今最难以克服的障碍。在未来的20年内，我们熟知的以矽为原料的数位微处理器，将会碰到经济与物理的根本极限。晶片制造商除了转而利用不同物理原理的设计，如狭义相对论之外，也许没有什麼别的选择了。
表面上，这似乎是个古怪的结合。通常我们只会把狭义相对论和高速运动联想在一起。在这个理论中，爱因斯坦抛弃了绝对时间和绝对静止的观念。他断言，唯一的常数是c，也就是光在穿越真空时所拥有的速度。这个定律，为任何高速运动（相对於观察者）的物体带来了奇怪的结果。比如说，该物体的长度会变短，而它所感受到的时间似乎要比观察者的慢。如果物体穿越静电场，它会觉得有一部份的场是磁场。话说回来，这些所谓的相对论效应都很微小，除非物体的速度和c相比很显著，而c大概是每秒三亿公尺。
在这个标准之下，即使是「行动」电脑也不算动得很快。不过电脑里的电子却够快。今年稍早美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校由奥沙隆（David D. Awschalom）领导的研究群，展示了一种利用相对论的方式，他们让半导体中快速运动的电子，表演出令人印象深刻的新把戏。
这项研究还处於早期阶段，大概类似40几年前造出第一个半导体逻辑闸时的状况。不过假如工程师有办法把几百万个相对论性逻辑闸整合在一小块矽晶片上，其成果可能就是执行速度比当今机种快很多，而功率消耗与热辐射却少得多的微处理器；奥沙隆目前正在和英特尔与惠普的研究群合作研发这种晶片。
更引人注目的是，相对论性晶片可运用比目前所有电脑用的二进位运算更复杂的逻辑。原则上，这些新型机器甚至可以自己调整它们的布线方式，而且几乎在瞬间就可变成专为手中工作所量身订做的电路。举例来说，想像这种行动电话吧，它能重新配置它的无线电收发器，来使用世界上各种网络，而且只要按一个钮，就能重新设定它的微处理器，把一种语言翻译成另外一种。
诸如此类的晶片，在现有的微处理器工厂中制造的可能性非常高。因为秘方并不是新材料，而是近代物理：由相对论和量子力学所描述的行为。
THE ONLY COMPUTER that Einstein used to work out his special theory of relativity in 1905 was the one inside his skull. In many ways, that biochemical machine was far more capable than any electronic computer. Certainly no semiconctor microprocessor yet built can rival the density and energy efficiency of the human brain, which packs roughly a million billion processing elements into a one-kilogram package that uses less power and generates less heat than a Pentium 4 microprocessor.
Indeed, heat and energy consumption today stand as the most formidable obstacles to the semiconctor instry as it seeks to proce ever more powerful microchips at the same unit cost. Within the next 20 years, the advance of digital silicon processors as we know them will hit fundamental economic and physical limits. Chipmakers will have little choice but to move to designs that exploit different principles of physics—those of special relativity, for example.
On its face, that seems an odd combination. Special relativity is all about high-velocity motion. In the theory, Einstein discards the concepts of absolute time and absolute rest. The only constant, he asserts, is c, the speed at which light travels through empty space. That law has strange consequences for any object as it accelerates (relative to the observer). The object's length shortens, for example, and it seems to experience time more slowly than the observer does. If the object moves through a static electric field, it perceives the field as partially magnetic. These so-called relativistic effects are all minuscule, however, unless the object accelerates to a significant fraction of c, which is about 300 million meters per second.
Even “mobile” computers don't move very fast by that standard. But the electrons inside them do. And earlier this year a group of physicists led by David D. Awschalom of the University of California at Santa Barbara demonstrated a way to exploit relativity to make the fast-moving electrons in semiconctors perform impressive new tricks.
The work is at an early stage, roughly analogous to the construction of the first semiconctor logic gate some 40 years ago. But if engineers can figure out how to integrate millions of relativistic gates on a small silicon chip—and Awschalom is working with research groups at Intel and Hewlett-Packard to do just that—the result could be processors that run much faster than current models do, while consuming far less power and radiating far less heat.
Even more dramatically, relativistic chips could employ logic that is more sophisticated than the binary operations all computers now use. In principle, these new machines could even modify the way they are wired, adapting almost instantaneously into a circuit customized for the task at hand. Imagine a cell phone, for example, that can reconfigure its transceiver to use any network in the world and that at the push of a button can reprogram its processor to translate speech from one language to another.
Chips such as these could most likely be made in existing microprocessor factories. The secret ingredient is not some new material, but modern physics—behaviors described by the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.

磁的吸引力 The Magnetic Attraction
一般传统的半导体微晶片运作的基础，是19世纪的「古典」电磁理论。矽晶圆用离子轰击，而在其上形成微小的岛，各自具有过量或是不足的电子。在这些岛之间布置的微电极上加电压，就能推拉电子进出这些区域、开关逻辑闸，并且调控经过其间的电流。
把大量的邻近电子撞开，是很不精确的：有些电子会凌乱地弹开，而浪费能量；同时也会产生许多碰撞而发热。10多年来，已有物理学家实验过另一类更精密的方式：以磁力代替电场来操纵电子。
美国爱荷华大学的物理学家弗拉提（Micheal E. Flatté）解释道，这个点子行得通，是因为「电子和外界的交互作用，就好像它随身带著一根小小的磁铁棒一样。」磁铁有S极N极。而就和地球绕著连接两极的轴自转一样，每颗电子也都具有磁指向，就是物理学家称为「自旋」的量子性质。这些粒子并非真的在旋转，不过它们的表现确实很像是个小陀螺仪。把磁力加在电子上，电子的两极会开始进动——它的转轴本身会绕圈圈。把磁场拿掉，电子的自旋就定住了（见左页〈磁的魔术〉）。弗拉提说：「利用这种效应，把自旋从指向往上的状态进动到往下，你就可以把电子所带的资讯位元从1变成0。」
电子学以改变电子数量与能量的方式，在电路中移动资讯，而刚萌芽的自旋电子学（spintronics）则将资料编码在电子自旋的指向中，并且用各种扭转自旋的方式来做逻辑运算（2002年9月号〈前途无量的自旋电子〉）。摩托罗拉从今年开始量产一种自旋电子记忆晶片，叫做MRAM（magnetic RAM，磁性随机存取记忆体）。和一般的电脑记忆体不同，MRAM晶片在电源中断时不会损失资料；电源再度打开前，电子的自旋会一直保持在它的指向上。
自旋电子元件很容易用电池驱动，因为自旋反转操作所消耗的能量极其微小，而且晶片在两次运算之间可以停止供应电源。改变一个电子的自旋实际上并不会增加粒子的动能，因此电路几乎不会发热。而且整个程序进行得极快：实验用的装置，只消在几皮秒（10-12秒）以内，就能让电子转头。
不过直到最近，所有的自旋电子元件都得用铁磁金属才行，这和当前微晶片的制造技术并不协调。奥沙隆说：「很难想像你怎麼能在晶片上的几百万个位置添造小磁铁，而且还能各自独立地控制它们；不是不可能啦，只是很困难。运用现有价值几兆元的电子闸极技术会比较好，也就是用电场而非磁场，来操纵自旋。」
CONVENTIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR microchips operate based on “classical” 19th-century theories of electromagnetism. Silicon wafers are zapped with ions, which form tiny islands with either an excess or a dearth of electrons. Voltages, applied to microscopic electrodes built up around these islands, push and pull electrons in and out of these regions, opening and closing the logic gates and regulating the flow of electric current through them.
Shoving large numbers of electrons around is imprecise—some shoot out in random directions, wasting energy—and it creates lots of collisions, which proce heat. For more than a decade now, physicists have been experimenting with a subtler alternative: using magnetic forces, rather than electric fields, to manipulate the electrons.
This can work, explains physicist Michael E. Flatté of the University of Iowa, because “an electron acts as if it carries around with it a little bar magnet.” Magnets have north and south poles, and just as the earth spins around the axis that connects its poles, an electron, too, has a magnetic orientation, a quantum property that physicists call “spin.” The particles don't actually rotate, but they do behave like little gyroscopes. Apply magnetic force to an electron, and its poles will precess—the axis itself rotates in a circle. Remove the field, and the electron holds its spin steady [see box on opposite page]. “By using this effect to precess the spin from pointing up to pointing down, you can change the bit of information carried by that electron from a 1 to a 0,” Flatté says.
Whereas electronics move information around by changing the number and energy of electrons in a circuit, the nascent field of spintronics encodes data in the orientation of electrons and performs logical operations by twisting their spins this way and that [see “Spintronics,” by David D. Awschalom, Michael E. Flatté and Nitin Samarth; Scientific American, June 2002]. This year Motorola began mass-procing spintronic memory chips, called MRAM (for magnetic RAM). Unlike conventional computer memories, the MRAM chips do not lose their data if power is interrupted; the electron spins simply hold their position until power returns.
Spintronic devices are easy on batteries, because spin-flipping operations consume very little power and the chips can shut off between operations. Changing an electron's spin adds virtually no kinetic energy to the particle, so the circuits proce almost no heat. And the process is exceedingly fast: experimental devices have turned electrons on their heads in a few picoseconds (trillionths of a second).
Until recently, however, all spintronic devices have required ferromagnetic metals, which do not mesh well with current microchip proction techniques. “It's difficult to imagine how you could build little magnets at millions of places on a chip and control each one indivially—not impossible, but difficult,” Awschalom says. “It would be much nicer to use the trillions of dollars' worth of electronics gating technology that already exists and to use electric fields, not magnetic fields, to play with spins.”

突破0与1的限制 From Bits to Phits
现在要进入爱因斯坦与他的奇怪想法了：对一个高速运动的电子来说，部份电场看起来会变成截然不同的磁场。在今年1月发表的研究工作中，奥沙隆的研究群就展示了，若将两层成份稍有不同的半导体叠起来，晶片的应变会造成一个内部的电场。当电子通过半导体时，这电场的高低分布就像围栏一样把电子驱赶在一起。他解释：「由於相对论的关系，由正在穿越的电子看来，这电场会有一部份像是磁场。」於是电子的自旋开始像摇晃的陀螺般进动。
「我们可以用两种方式来控制电子。」奥沙隆继续说，「一种方式是改变电压，这会影响到电子穿越的速度。它们跑得越快，看到的有效磁场越大，」而自旋就进动得越快。第二种手段是利用应变在各方向上的不同性。他说：「我们也可以仔细地设计用来规范电子路径的线路形状和方向。」
在1月的论文中，该研究群描述了如何运用雷射光脉冲来排列入射电子的指向，以造出自旋电子位元，以及如何测量它们的自旋。「下一步是在同一个电子装置中造出它们，把它们四处移动，并且侦测到它们全部。那是相当重要的一步，而我们现在已经办到了，」奥沙隆说，「这个装置和目前电脑中的CMOS晶片使用一样的电压。当电子撞击到半导体应变的部份时，自旋会在瞬间极化。然后我们就可以同调地上下翻转它们的自旋。」这用的是开关闸极的方式。
「同调」是这里的关键字，因为它提出了自旋电子晶片最有趣的可能性：超越只有0与1两个数字的位元，而达到相位元（phase digit, phit）的境界，而有更大范围的数值可取。电子的相位就是它自旋所指向的方向。把它想成罗盘的指针好了：假如微晶片可以分辨一群群自旋分别指向东、西、南、北方向的电子，那麼每个相位元就可以是0或1、或2或3。
奥沙隆指出：「相位读得越精确，你就可以把资料储存的密度增加得越夸张。至於增加50还是一万倍，端看你测量那个角度有多精确。」感谢几十年来侦测原子核自旋的磁共振造影技术的发展，「我们确实知道怎麼把这些角度量得很准。」他补上一句。
即使如此，弗拉提警告说：「一个完整可用的自旋电晶体尚未发展成功。」电晶体是不可或缺的，因为它能放大信号，使信号在微处理器中原封不动地穿过一长串逻辑闸。不过虽然依据自旋电子学设计的电晶体目前还不存在，却显然会在不久的将来诞生，研究者也正热切地计画著用他们来做些什麼事。
去年，德国柏林德鲁得固态电子研究所的柯克（Reinhold Koch）与他的研究群，发表了一个运用自旋电子逻辑元件的设计，它能在软体的控制下改变自己的功能。在某个时刻它可以是布林（Boolean）运算的AND闸，几奈秒（10-9秒）之后，它又可以转变成一个OR闸、NOR闸或NAND闸。
能在一瞬间重新布线的电脑，的确威力强大。柯克最近设计了一个完整的加法器（电脑逻辑单元里最普通的一种），其中只用到了四个自旋逻辑元件，而非通常所需要的16个电晶体。自旋电子版的加法器可以节省85%的能源以及75%的空间，执行的速度却和当今最顶级的微晶片设计一样快。
工程师距离能得心应手地运用相对论来当成自旋电子电路的设计工具，还差很远。不过在现有道路上充满障碍的情况下，爱因斯坦的理论却也能为电脑工业另辟蹊径。奥沙隆说：「对这里的物理有一项有趣的观点是，元件越小，工作得越好。」
ENTER EINSTEIN and his curious notion that an electric field can look distinctly magnetic to a high-speed electron. In work published this past January, Awschalom's group showed that layering two semiconctors of slightly different composition on top of one another strains the chip in ways that set up an internal electric field. The field has high and low spots that act like a corral to herd electrons as they pass through the semiconctor. “And because of relativity, that electric field looks like a partially magnetic field to the passing electrons,” he notes. The electrons' spins start to precess like wobbly gyroscopes.
“We can control the electrons in two ways,” Awschalom continues. “One way is to change the voltage, which affects the speed at which the electrons travel. The faster they move, the larger the effective magnetic field seems to them” and the faster their spins precess. The second trick exploits the fact that the strain varies with direction. “We can also operate on electrons by carefully designing the shape and direction of the wire that sets their path,” he says.
In the January paper, the group described using pulses of laser light to align the orientation of incoming electrons—thus creating the spintronic bits—as well as to measure their spins. “The next step is to create them, move them around and detect them all in one electric device. That's a substantial step, but we've done that now,” Awschalom reports. “The device uses the same small voltages currently used in CMOS computer chips. Electrons instantaneously polarize their spins when they hit the strained part of the semiconctor. We can then flip their spins back and forth coherently” by turning gate electrodes on or off.
“Coherently” is the key word here, because it raises the intriguing possibility of spintronic chips that go beyond bits—the binary digits 0 and 1—to “phits,” or phase digits, which can take on a wider range of values. The phase of an electron is simply the direction in which its spin points. Think of it as the needle of a compass: if a microchip can distinguish groups of electrons with north-, south-, east- and west-pointing spins, then each phit could be a 0 or a 1—or a 2 or a 3.
“The more precisely you can read the phase, the more dramatically you can increase the density of data storage,” Awschalom points out. “Whether it increases by a factor of 50 or by 10,000 depends on how precisely you can read that angle.” Thanks to decades of wo

10. 跪求翻译

2. 微硬盘
非常大的文件现在在非常小的包裹里适合。

较多的数据,在较低的费用,在曾经较小的装置中:难的驾驶员的微- 塞满十亿位元组级的储藏能力和迅速的数据- 移动进入极小又纸板火柴- 大小的包装之内估价 -是方式去。今年以科罗拉多为基础的壁带对像 RCA 和 Rio 一样的制造业者对于 MP3播放机的使用开始卖它的 1.5 GB 储藏元素驾车。 日立 , 在 2002 年购买了 IBM 的初期 microdriver 生意 , 最近揭开它自己的 4个十亿位元组的 microdriver。将来的申请是容易想像：行动电话，个人数传助手，而且手提摄像机将会很快包括较加内建的储藏。 Subtler, 也许。在途中是冲击这将会让我们想可动性。藉由巨大量的数据总是接近地在手边 , 难的微驾驶员将会有效地成为个人的伺候器, 提供准备好的接触你的喜爱歌，电影，连络和相片 -无论何处你漫游。 - MATTEW 愿能

市场大小,2003: ＄九千万
市场大小,2007: ＄十亿 (计画)
公司看: 大炮，壁带，日立, RIO

3.Microelectromechanical 系统 (MEMS)
下一个机器年龄抵达缩图

有一点太大大地取得资格纳米技术 , 但是仍然同样地极小的当做一说到灰尘,MEMS 正在作大的溅。 一次考虑了实验室新奇, MEMs 是使用机械的泵，活瓣，悬桁，齿轮或开关运行实际的工作功能的 micromachines 。现在他们正在商业的申请 , 像是消费性电子产品和汽车的系统中开始出现。休息-穿越? 彻底消除微的廉宜制造业的技术- 大小很多的机械集会相同的方法线路在矽上被蚀刻产生处理器薯条。 当资讯科技是该引起空气囊的时候时候， MEMs 喷嘴已经被用于墨水- 喷气式飞机的打印机，而且 MEMs 速度感应器告诉大多数的新汽车。塞子未开的机会在于 MEMs 泵可以提供精密控制的药递送系统的药和电传视讯的领域而 MEMs 光学的开关可以减少费用和光纤网络的复杂。- 大卫 PESCOVITZ

市场大小,2003: ＄三十九亿
市场大小,2007: ＄八十三亿 (计画)
公司看: Agilent 技术，类比装置， BEI 技术， Microfabrica,摩托罗拉